by Kallbrunner
[Front Matter and Table of Contents]: Front matter for Volume VI of the Communications of the Association for the History of the City of Vienna (1926). Includes the title page, editorial information, and a table of contents listing articles on the beer monopoly of the Bürgerspital, the history of Viennese merchants, and 13th-century passion plays. [The Beer Brewing and Serving Monopoly of the Vienna Bürgerspital: Introduction and Legal Foundations]: Leopold Sailer introduces the history of the Vienna Bürgerspital's beer monopoly, beginning with its acquisition in 1432 from Stephan Kraft. He outlines the study's structure, which covers legal foundations, the history of specific breweries, and financial significance. The section explains the evolution from domestic brewing to a regulated industry and the transition of brewing rights into a ducal fief (Lehen). [The Struggle for Monopoly: Import Restrictions and Competition]: This section details the Bürgerspital's efforts to maintain its monopoly against illegal imports and new breweries. It discusses the legal distinction between the right to brew and the right to exclude foreign beer. The narrative covers the expansion of Vienna's borders, the acquisition of competing breweries like Margareten by the city, and the persistent problem of 'Winkelschenken' (unlicensed taverns) and smuggling by soldiers and court officials. [Taxation and Subsidiary Rights: Zapfenmaß and Beer Surcharges]: An analysis of the secondary income streams associated with the beer monopoly, primarily the 'Zapfenmaß' (a beverage tax) and various 'Bieraufschläge' (surcharges). Sailer explains how these taxes were leased and eventually converted into rights. The section also covers the disputes between the Bürgerspital and the city magistrate over the right to issue serving concessions and collect associated fees, noting that these revenues were often earmarked for the support of the poor. [History of the Individual Breweries and Economic Performance]: A detailed examination of the physical breweries owned by the Bürgerspital, including the original site at Widmertor, the St. Clara monastery location, and facilities in Leopoldstadt and St. Marx. Sailer uses historical accounting records (Bürgerspitalmeisteramtsrechnungen) to track production levels, the ratio of self-brewed vs. imported beer, and the impact of major historical events like the Turkish sieges and the Thirty Years' War on profitability. It concludes with the transition to leasing the breweries to private operators in 1733. [Production Statistics and Pacht Management of the Vienna Bürgerspital Breweries]: This segment provides detailed production calculations for the three main Bürgerspital breweries in 1754, based on lease payments and base numbers. It chronicles the succession of master brewers and leaseholders at the Stadtbrauhaus, detailing the fluctuations in the 'Grundzahl' (base fee per brew) and the eventual decline in profitability leading into the late 18th century. [The Dissolution and Relocation of the Stadtbrauhaus under Joseph II]: Details the forced closure of the old Stadtbrauhaus due to Joseph II's reforms to convert the Bürgerspital into a residential building. It describes the failed attempts by the hospital administration to relocate the brewery to the Landstraße district and the eventual public auction of the brewing rights (Braugerechtigkeit) in 1791. [Economic Decline and Privatization of the Leopoldstädter Brauhaus]: Traces the economic history of the Leopoldstädter Brauhaus from the mid-18th century to its sale in 1845. It highlights how the shift from volume-based fees to fixed lease amounts led to neglect of equipment and financial ruin for several lessees, including Dominik Hummel, amidst the Napoleonic Wars and the 1811 financial crisis, culminating in the sale to Alois Miesbach. [The St. Marxer Brauhaus: From Mismanagement to the Mautner Era]: Covers the history of the St. Marxer Brauhaus, noting periods of mismanagement under early lessees like Merz and the eventual transformation under Adolf Ignaz Mautner. Mautner's investments in bottom-fermentation (Lagerbier) and infrastructure saved the brewery's reputation, leading to his purchase of the facility in 1857. [Evolution of Beer Serving Rights and Regulatory Changes]: Discusses the transition of beer serving (Bierschenken) from direct hospital management to private leasing. It explains the regulatory environment, including the 1748 decree restricting beer houses and the complexities of 'radizierte' (property-linked) serving rights, which caused legal friction between the hospital and homeowners until the new trade regulations. [Summary of External and Internal Factors in the Decline of Hospital Brewing]: A synthesis of the reasons behind the Bürgerspital's withdrawal from the brewing industry. Factors include war damage (1529, 1683, and Napoleonic), grain supply difficulties caused by competitors, and internal negligence regarding technical modernization. The author argues the hospital eventually preferred passive fee collection over the active management of production. [The Economic Significance of Beer Rights for the Bürgerspital (1470-1634)]: An analytical section comparing the net profits of the beer enterprise against the general hospital budget. It includes statistical tables for the years 1470-1536 and 1537-1634, demonstrating how beer revenues frequently covered deficits in other hospital operations, despite fluctuations caused by external events like droughts or wars. [Long-term Financial Performance and the Impact of Beer Taxes (1635-1779)]: Provides a comprehensive table of economic results from 1635 to 1779, showing that the beer enterprise was the primary driver of hospital solvency. It also details the transition from the 'Zapfenmaß' (serving tax) to the state 'Verzehrungssteuer' (consumption tax) in 1829, and the subsequent financial settlements and state obligations paid to the hospital as compensation. [Special Levies and the History of Beer Surcharges (Bieraufschläge)]: Analyzes specific beer surcharges (5-Groschen and others) that provided revenue to the hospital. It tracks the legal disputes with external brewers over these fees, the role of the Hansgrafenamt in compensation payments, and how these fixed-sum revenues were eventually eroded by the currency devaluation of 1921. [Historical Financial Tables of the Vienna Beer Enterprise (1629–1707)]: A series of detailed financial tables (Tafels D and E) documenting the economic performance of the Vienna beer enterprise. It includes the surpluses transferred to the Bürgerspital (Citizens' Hospital) between 1653 and 1688, as well as the net profits from the City Brewery and Leopoldstadt Brewery from 1689 to 1707. [Revenue Composition and Lease Agreements of Vienna Breweries (1708–1858)]: This section contains Tafels F, G, H, and K, which detail the composition of net profits, revenues, and expenditures for the Vienna beer enterprise up to the mid-19th century. It specifically tracks the transition to leasing the three main breweries (City, Leopoldstadt, and St. Marx) and lists the specific fees paid by various leaseholders such as Weltischhofer, Dreher, and Stadler. [Brewing Activity and Foreign Beer Imports (1613–1637)]: Tafel J provides an overview of internal beer production (Eigenbräu) by the Bürgerspital versus the import of foreign beer (Fremdes Bier) from various regions including Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria, Moravia, Silesia, and Bavaria between 1613 and 1637. It categorizes beer by type (light/heavy) and origin city. [The Economic Significance of Beer Surcharges for the Bürgerspital]: Analysis of the financial impact of beer surcharges on the Bürgerspital's budget. The author argues that the hospital's ability to act as a major creditor to the state and city was entirely dependent on the surpluses generated by the beer enterprise, which covered chronic deficits in other hospital operations. [Historical Deeds: The Sale and Enfeoffment of the Vienna Beer Right (1432)]: Two primary historical documents (Beilage I and II) from July 1432. The first records Stephan Kraft selling the Vienna beer right and his brewery to the Bürgerspital. The second records Duke Albrecht V enfeoffing the Bürgerspital with said beer rights, formalizing the institution's legal monopoly. [History of the Viennese Merchant Class (15th–16th Century)]: Friedrich Engel-Janosi examines the economic trajectory of Vienna's merchant class. He discusses Vienna's role as a transit trade hub in the 13th and 14th centuries and the missed opportunities for expansion during the political shifts of the 15th century under Albrecht V. [Financial Crises and the Rise of Political Financiers (Eizinger and Salamanca)]: This section analyzes the impact of political instability and monetary devaluation on the Viennese economy. It contrasts the careers of two major financiers, Ulrich Eizinger and Gabriel de Salamanca, who leveraged their wealth to become indispensable creditors to the Habsburg sovereigns, often at the expense of the traditional merchant class. [Social Shifts and the Decline of the Viennese Merchant Tradition]: Engel-Janosi describes the erosion of the traditional Viennese merchant class due to war, inflation, and the rise of foreign competitors (such as the Fuggers). He notes a shift from large-scale international trade to localized retail and property-based wealth, evidenced by contemporary tax records and citizen testaments. [Inventory of Toman Retzer (1523-1524)]: This segment details the estate inventory of Toman Retzer from 1523 and his widow's inventory from 1524. It lists a wide variety of trade goods including spices (ginger, pepper, saffron, anise), textiles (Loden), and industrial materials (vitriol, alum, paper). The records highlight Retzer's extensive trade network, with assets located in Venice, Salzburg, Nuremberg, Laibach, and Trieste, specifically noting Judenburg's privilege in the Speik (valerian) trade. [Tables on the Goods Traffic of Viennese Merchants]: A brief transitional heading and unit definition for the upcoming statistical tables regarding the trade and goods traffic of Viennese merchants. [Trade Statistics: Sulfur, Almonds, Oil, and Alum]: Detailed trade tables for sulfur, almonds, oil, and alum passing through Judenburg and Enns between 1525 and 1579. Includes specific merchant names like Franz Lackner and Hans Strauber, quantities in units like 'Lagl' and 'Punzen', and price comparisons from the account books of Alexius Funk. [Trade Statistics: Lemons, Sugar, and Figs]: Statistical records for the trade of lemons, sugar, and figs. The data tracks shipments to various merchants in Judenburg and Enns, noting the transition of prices and packaging (sacks, barrels, and 'Lagl') with historical price benchmarks from 1473 and the late 16th century. [Trade Statistics: Raisins, Glass, and Soap]: Trade data concerning raisins (Weinberl and Zibeben), glassware (including drinking glasses and window panes), and soap. It details the frequency of shipments, the specific merchants involved (e.g., Pliembl, Khirhamer), and technical details regarding 'Tara' weights and unit conversions for soap and glass crates. [Trade Statistics: Copper, Caraway, and Cattle Hides]: This section covers the trade of industrial and agricultural raw materials, specifically copper (including Hungarian copper), caraway seeds, and cattle hides. The hide trade is particularly voluminous, showing hundreds of units being processed by merchants like Strauber and Lackner in Judenburg. [Trade Statistics: Oxen and Wine Varieties]: Records of the livestock trade (oxen) in Enns and the extensive wine trade in Judenburg. It lists specific wine varieties such as Malvasier, Muskateller, Reinfal, and Capri, along with their respective containers and volume measurements (Achterin, Eimer). Includes price data and volume conversions for historical liquid measures. [Historical Records of Wax Trade in Judenburg (1542-1579)]: A detailed list of wax trade transactions in Judenburg for the years 1542 and 1579. It includes specific dates, quantities in 'Zentner' (Z) and 'Pfennig' (Pf), and the names of various merchants such as Strauber, Lackner, Nelbeg, Pliembl, and Eissler. The section also provides brief notes on historical weight abbreviations and units used in the merchant books of Alexius Funk. [The Testament of Merchant Hans Diener (1596)]: The full text of the last will and testament of the Viennese merchant Hans Diener, dated April 30, 1596. Diener outlines the distribution of his estate between his wife Catharina and his four children, provides for the continuation of his business, and leaves legacies to his loyal employees Thoman Khäis and Leonhart Höfl. He specifically requests to be buried at St. Stephen's and appeals to the Lower Austrian government to protect his heirs' rights under the 'niderlagsordnung'. [Account Book Entries of Alexius Funk (1519-1521)]: Transcriptions from the ledger of Alexius Funk (G. B. 887) detailing commercial transactions between 1519 and 1521. The records cover trade in oil, wine (Rainfal, Muskateller), fish (herring, eel), and textiles (Silesian cloth) with various partners including Steffen Eller, Hans Beck of Olomouc, and Hans Eyssengrein. The entries track debts, payments in cash, and commodity weights with specific references to trade locations like Wiener Neustadt and Judenburg. [Musical and Literary Analysis of the 13th-Century Vienna Passion Play]: A comprehensive study by Alfred Orel on the musical melodies ('Weisen') found in the 13th-century 'Vienna Passion Play' (National Library Vienna, Cod. 12.887). Orel provides a comparative analysis of the text against the 'Benediktbeuern Passion', discussing the transition from Latin liturgical chant to German vernacular drama. He examines the musical notation (Germanic neumes on lines), the structure of the melodies, and the likely influence of wandering scholars (Goliards) on the composition, which blends sacred and secular styles. The section includes a detailed transcription of the play's scenes and a bibliography of medieval drama research. [Musical Transcriptions of the Vienna Passion Play Melodies]: A series of 17 musical transcriptions of the melodies from the Vienna Passion Play, as reconstructed by Alfred Orel. The transcriptions cover various parts of the play, including the lament of Adam and Eve ('Ve nobis'), the songs of Maria Magdalena, and the dialogues of Jesus and Simon the Pharisee. The section concludes with a rhythmic hypothesis for the merchant's song (No. 2a).
Front matter for Volume VI of the Communications of the Association for the History of the City of Vienna (1926). Includes the title page, editorial information, and a table of contents listing articles on the beer monopoly of the Bürgerspital, the history of Viennese merchants, and 13th-century passion plays.
Read full textLeopold Sailer introduces the history of the Vienna Bürgerspital's beer monopoly, beginning with its acquisition in 1432 from Stephan Kraft. He outlines the study's structure, which covers legal foundations, the history of specific breweries, and financial significance. The section explains the evolution from domestic brewing to a regulated industry and the transition of brewing rights into a ducal fief (Lehen).
Read full textThis section details the Bürgerspital's efforts to maintain its monopoly against illegal imports and new breweries. It discusses the legal distinction between the right to brew and the right to exclude foreign beer. The narrative covers the expansion of Vienna's borders, the acquisition of competing breweries like Margareten by the city, and the persistent problem of 'Winkelschenken' (unlicensed taverns) and smuggling by soldiers and court officials.
Read full textAn analysis of the secondary income streams associated with the beer monopoly, primarily the 'Zapfenmaß' (a beverage tax) and various 'Bieraufschläge' (surcharges). Sailer explains how these taxes were leased and eventually converted into rights. The section also covers the disputes between the Bürgerspital and the city magistrate over the right to issue serving concessions and collect associated fees, noting that these revenues were often earmarked for the support of the poor.
Read full textA detailed examination of the physical breweries owned by the Bürgerspital, including the original site at Widmertor, the St. Clara monastery location, and facilities in Leopoldstadt and St. Marx. Sailer uses historical accounting records (Bürgerspitalmeisteramtsrechnungen) to track production levels, the ratio of self-brewed vs. imported beer, and the impact of major historical events like the Turkish sieges and the Thirty Years' War on profitability. It concludes with the transition to leasing the breweries to private operators in 1733.
Read full textThis segment provides detailed production calculations for the three main Bürgerspital breweries in 1754, based on lease payments and base numbers. It chronicles the succession of master brewers and leaseholders at the Stadtbrauhaus, detailing the fluctuations in the 'Grundzahl' (base fee per brew) and the eventual decline in profitability leading into the late 18th century.
Read full textDetails the forced closure of the old Stadtbrauhaus due to Joseph II's reforms to convert the Bürgerspital into a residential building. It describes the failed attempts by the hospital administration to relocate the brewery to the Landstraße district and the eventual public auction of the brewing rights (Braugerechtigkeit) in 1791.
Read full textTraces the economic history of the Leopoldstädter Brauhaus from the mid-18th century to its sale in 1845. It highlights how the shift from volume-based fees to fixed lease amounts led to neglect of equipment and financial ruin for several lessees, including Dominik Hummel, amidst the Napoleonic Wars and the 1811 financial crisis, culminating in the sale to Alois Miesbach.
Read full textCovers the history of the St. Marxer Brauhaus, noting periods of mismanagement under early lessees like Merz and the eventual transformation under Adolf Ignaz Mautner. Mautner's investments in bottom-fermentation (Lagerbier) and infrastructure saved the brewery's reputation, leading to his purchase of the facility in 1857.
Read full textDiscusses the transition of beer serving (Bierschenken) from direct hospital management to private leasing. It explains the regulatory environment, including the 1748 decree restricting beer houses and the complexities of 'radizierte' (property-linked) serving rights, which caused legal friction between the hospital and homeowners until the new trade regulations.
Read full textA synthesis of the reasons behind the Bürgerspital's withdrawal from the brewing industry. Factors include war damage (1529, 1683, and Napoleonic), grain supply difficulties caused by competitors, and internal negligence regarding technical modernization. The author argues the hospital eventually preferred passive fee collection over the active management of production.
Read full textAn analytical section comparing the net profits of the beer enterprise against the general hospital budget. It includes statistical tables for the years 1470-1536 and 1537-1634, demonstrating how beer revenues frequently covered deficits in other hospital operations, despite fluctuations caused by external events like droughts or wars.
Read full textProvides a comprehensive table of economic results from 1635 to 1779, showing that the beer enterprise was the primary driver of hospital solvency. It also details the transition from the 'Zapfenmaß' (serving tax) to the state 'Verzehrungssteuer' (consumption tax) in 1829, and the subsequent financial settlements and state obligations paid to the hospital as compensation.
Read full textAnalyzes specific beer surcharges (5-Groschen and others) that provided revenue to the hospital. It tracks the legal disputes with external brewers over these fees, the role of the Hansgrafenamt in compensation payments, and how these fixed-sum revenues were eventually eroded by the currency devaluation of 1921.
Read full textA series of detailed financial tables (Tafels D and E) documenting the economic performance of the Vienna beer enterprise. It includes the surpluses transferred to the Bürgerspital (Citizens' Hospital) between 1653 and 1688, as well as the net profits from the City Brewery and Leopoldstadt Brewery from 1689 to 1707.
Read full textThis section contains Tafels F, G, H, and K, which detail the composition of net profits, revenues, and expenditures for the Vienna beer enterprise up to the mid-19th century. It specifically tracks the transition to leasing the three main breweries (City, Leopoldstadt, and St. Marx) and lists the specific fees paid by various leaseholders such as Weltischhofer, Dreher, and Stadler.
Read full textTafel J provides an overview of internal beer production (Eigenbräu) by the Bürgerspital versus the import of foreign beer (Fremdes Bier) from various regions including Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria, Moravia, Silesia, and Bavaria between 1613 and 1637. It categorizes beer by type (light/heavy) and origin city.
Read full textAnalysis of the financial impact of beer surcharges on the Bürgerspital's budget. The author argues that the hospital's ability to act as a major creditor to the state and city was entirely dependent on the surpluses generated by the beer enterprise, which covered chronic deficits in other hospital operations.
Read full textTwo primary historical documents (Beilage I and II) from July 1432. The first records Stephan Kraft selling the Vienna beer right and his brewery to the Bürgerspital. The second records Duke Albrecht V enfeoffing the Bürgerspital with said beer rights, formalizing the institution's legal monopoly.
Read full textFriedrich Engel-Janosi examines the economic trajectory of Vienna's merchant class. He discusses Vienna's role as a transit trade hub in the 13th and 14th centuries and the missed opportunities for expansion during the political shifts of the 15th century under Albrecht V.
Read full textThis section analyzes the impact of political instability and monetary devaluation on the Viennese economy. It contrasts the careers of two major financiers, Ulrich Eizinger and Gabriel de Salamanca, who leveraged their wealth to become indispensable creditors to the Habsburg sovereigns, often at the expense of the traditional merchant class.
Read full textEngel-Janosi describes the erosion of the traditional Viennese merchant class due to war, inflation, and the rise of foreign competitors (such as the Fuggers). He notes a shift from large-scale international trade to localized retail and property-based wealth, evidenced by contemporary tax records and citizen testaments.
Read full textThis segment details the estate inventory of Toman Retzer from 1523 and his widow's inventory from 1524. It lists a wide variety of trade goods including spices (ginger, pepper, saffron, anise), textiles (Loden), and industrial materials (vitriol, alum, paper). The records highlight Retzer's extensive trade network, with assets located in Venice, Salzburg, Nuremberg, Laibach, and Trieste, specifically noting Judenburg's privilege in the Speik (valerian) trade.
Read full textA brief transitional heading and unit definition for the upcoming statistical tables regarding the trade and goods traffic of Viennese merchants.
Read full textDetailed trade tables for sulfur, almonds, oil, and alum passing through Judenburg and Enns between 1525 and 1579. Includes specific merchant names like Franz Lackner and Hans Strauber, quantities in units like 'Lagl' and 'Punzen', and price comparisons from the account books of Alexius Funk.
Read full textStatistical records for the trade of lemons, sugar, and figs. The data tracks shipments to various merchants in Judenburg and Enns, noting the transition of prices and packaging (sacks, barrels, and 'Lagl') with historical price benchmarks from 1473 and the late 16th century.
Read full textTrade data concerning raisins (Weinberl and Zibeben), glassware (including drinking glasses and window panes), and soap. It details the frequency of shipments, the specific merchants involved (e.g., Pliembl, Khirhamer), and technical details regarding 'Tara' weights and unit conversions for soap and glass crates.
Read full textThis section covers the trade of industrial and agricultural raw materials, specifically copper (including Hungarian copper), caraway seeds, and cattle hides. The hide trade is particularly voluminous, showing hundreds of units being processed by merchants like Strauber and Lackner in Judenburg.
Read full textRecords of the livestock trade (oxen) in Enns and the extensive wine trade in Judenburg. It lists specific wine varieties such as Malvasier, Muskateller, Reinfal, and Capri, along with their respective containers and volume measurements (Achterin, Eimer). Includes price data and volume conversions for historical liquid measures.
Read full textA detailed list of wax trade transactions in Judenburg for the years 1542 and 1579. It includes specific dates, quantities in 'Zentner' (Z) and 'Pfennig' (Pf), and the names of various merchants such as Strauber, Lackner, Nelbeg, Pliembl, and Eissler. The section also provides brief notes on historical weight abbreviations and units used in the merchant books of Alexius Funk.
Read full textThe full text of the last will and testament of the Viennese merchant Hans Diener, dated April 30, 1596. Diener outlines the distribution of his estate between his wife Catharina and his four children, provides for the continuation of his business, and leaves legacies to his loyal employees Thoman Khäis and Leonhart Höfl. He specifically requests to be buried at St. Stephen's and appeals to the Lower Austrian government to protect his heirs' rights under the 'niderlagsordnung'.
Read full textTranscriptions from the ledger of Alexius Funk (G. B. 887) detailing commercial transactions between 1519 and 1521. The records cover trade in oil, wine (Rainfal, Muskateller), fish (herring, eel), and textiles (Silesian cloth) with various partners including Steffen Eller, Hans Beck of Olomouc, and Hans Eyssengrein. The entries track debts, payments in cash, and commodity weights with specific references to trade locations like Wiener Neustadt and Judenburg.
Read full textA comprehensive study by Alfred Orel on the musical melodies ('Weisen') found in the 13th-century 'Vienna Passion Play' (National Library Vienna, Cod. 12.887). Orel provides a comparative analysis of the text against the 'Benediktbeuern Passion', discussing the transition from Latin liturgical chant to German vernacular drama. He examines the musical notation (Germanic neumes on lines), the structure of the melodies, and the likely influence of wandering scholars (Goliards) on the composition, which blends sacred and secular styles. The section includes a detailed transcription of the play's scenes and a bibliography of medieval drama research.
Read full textA series of 17 musical transcriptions of the melodies from the Vienna Passion Play, as reconstructed by Alfred Orel. The transcriptions cover various parts of the play, including the lament of Adam and Eve ('Ve nobis'), the songs of Maria Magdalena, and the dialogues of Jesus and Simon the Pharisee. The section concludes with a rhythmic hypothesis for the merchant's song (No. 2a).
Read full text