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Human Action a treatise on economics
1949
by
Mises
Human Action
Mises Institute
Austrian School
Carl Menger
Economic Calculation
Economic History
Equilibrium
Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk
Friedrich A. Hayek
Friedrich von Wieser
Joseph Schumpeter
Leon Walras
Marginal Utility
Price Theory
Volkswirtschaft
Frank Knight
Henry Hazlitt
Murray Rothbard
Oskar Lange
Paul Samuelson
Interventionism
Uncertainty
Capitalism
Catallactics
Praxeology
Classical Economics
Subjective Value
Epistemology
Historical School
Marxism
Methodenstreit
Positivism
Industrial Revolution
Innovation
Karl Marx
Laissez-faire
Liberalism
Methodology
John Locke
Utilitarianism
Causality
Dialectical Materialism
Teleology
Rationality
A Priori
Max Weber
Monetary Theory
Quantity Theory of Money
Collectivism
Methodological Individualism
Determinism
Ideology
Inheritance
Value Judgments
Verstehen
Ideal Type
Napoleon Bonaparte
Entrepreneurship
Institutionalism
Auguste Comte
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Socialism
David Ricardo
Adolf Hitler
Vladimir Lenin
Totalitarianism
Democracy
Franz Oppenheimer
Free Trade
Rationalization
William Stanley Jevons
Benito Mussolini
Joseph Stalin
Capital Goods
Economic Goods
Factors of Production
Scarcity
Valuation
Profit and Loss
Edmund Husserl
Speculation
Insurance
John Stuart Mill
Competition
Diminishing Returns
Division of Labor
Adam Smith
David Hume
Frederic Bastiat
Anarchism
Coercion
Nationalism
Standard of Living
Comparative Advantage
International Trade
Productivity
Friedrich Engels
Individualism
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Friedrich Nietzsche
Egalitarianism
Jeremy Bentham
Natural Law
Thomas Malthus
Herbert Spencer
Rule of Law
Neutral Money
Purchasing Power
Aristotle
Irving Fisher
Objective Value
Labor Theory of Value
Opportunity Cost
Planned Economy
National Income
Property Rights
Welfare State
Stabilization
Deficit Spending
Inflation
Monetary Policy
Gresham's Law
Mathematical Economics
Capital Accumulation
Stationary Economy
Mixed Economy
Productivity of Capital
Consumer Sovereignty
Monopoly
Protectionism
Trade Unions
Proletariat
Economic Development
Wages
Great Depression
Underconsumption
Bureaucracy
Autarky
Production Costs
Hermann Heinrich Gossen
Agriculture
Marginal Cost
Monopolistic Competition
Cartels
Oligopoly
Otto von Bismarck
Sozialpolitik
Economies of Scale
Malinvestment
Nationalization
Ludwig von Mises
New Deal
Alfred Marshall
Velocity of Circulation
Hoarding
Money Market
Income Distribution
Deflation
Subsidies
Gold Standard
Commodity Money
Fiat Money
Capital Consumption
John Maynard Keynes
Credit Expansion
Fiduciary Media
Banking School
Central Banking
Currency School
Free Banking
Balance of Payments
Legal Tender
Mercantilism
Exchange Rates
Interest Rates
Liquidity
Bimetallism
Bretton Woods
International Monetary Fund
Roundabout Production
Time Preference
Capital Movements
Imperialism
John Bates Clark
Convertibility
Fixed Capital
Saving
Capital Flight
Stock Exchange
Investment
Zurechnung
Forced Saving
Boom and Bust
Business Cycles
Fritz Machlup
Unemployment
Acceleration Principle
Labor Market
Iron Law of Wages
Labor Law
Social Policy
Guilds
Poverty
Feudalism
Slavery
Ground Rent
Raw Materials
Externalities
Class Struggle
Othmar Spann
League of Nations
Sovereignty
Price Mechanism
Vilfredo Pareto
Utility
Thomas Aquinas
Fiscal Policy
Taxation
Price Controls
Collective Bargaining
Minimum Wage
Ricardo Effect
Devaluation
Land Reform
Progressive Taxation
Syndicalism
Social Justice
Welfare Economics
Table of Contents · 239 segments
1
Title Page and Dedication
theoretical
2
Introduction to the Scholar's Edition: The History of the Austrian School
theoretical
3
Introduction to the Scholar's Edition: The Genesis of Nationalökonomie
theoretical
4
Introduction to the Scholar's Edition: From Nationalökonomie to Human Action
theoretical
5
Introduction to the Scholar's Edition: Comparison of Editions
theoretical
6
Foreword and Acknowledgments
theoretical
7
Table of Contents
theoretical
8
Introduction: 1. Economics and Praxeology
theoretical
9
Introduction: 2. The Epistemological Problem of a General Theory of Human Action
theoretical
10
Economic Theory and the Practice of Human Action
theoretical
11
Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction
theoretical
12
The Prerequisites of Human Action and the Concept of Happiness
theoretical
13
Human Action as an Ultimate Given and Methodological Dualism
theoretical
14
Rationality, Subjectivism, and the Category of Causality
theoretical
15
The Alter Ego and the Limits of Panmechanicism
theoretical
16
The Epistemological Problems of the Sciences of Human Action
theoretical
17
The Formal and Aprioristic Character of Praxeology
theoretical
18
The A Priori and Reality
theoretical
19
The Principle of Methodological Individualism
theoretical
21
I and We: The Individual as the Sole Acting Entity
theoretical
22
The Principle of Methodological Singularism
theoretical
23
The Individual and Changing Features of Human Action
theoretical
24
The Scope and Specific Method of History: Verstehen
theoretical
25
Understanding, Relevance, and Economic Theory
theoretical
26
Conception and Understanding: Epistemological Tools
theoretical
27
The Absence of Constant Relations in Human Action
theoretical
28
Natural History vs. Human History and the Use of Ideal Types
theoretical
29
Ideal Types and the Critique of Homo Oeconomicus
theoretical
30
The Procedure of Economics: Apriorism and Reality
theoretical
31
The Limitations on Praxeological Concepts
theoretical
32
Economics and the Revolt Against Reason
theoretical
33
The Logical Aspect of Polylogism
theoretical
34
Footnotes and Conclusion of Polylogism Critique
footnotes
35
The Praxeological Aspect of Polylogism
theoretical
36
The Failure of Marxian and Racial Polylogism
theoretical
37
Polylogism, Understanding, and the Case for Reason
theoretical
38
A First Analysis of the Category of Action: Ends and Means
chapter
39
The Scale of Value and Needs
theoretical
40
Action as an Exchange
theoretical
41
Time: The Temporal Character of Praxeology
theoretical
42
The Temporal Relation Between Actions and Consistency
theoretical
43
Uncertainty and Probability
theoretical
44
Class Probability
theoretical
45
Case Probability
theoretical
46
Numerical Evaluation of Case Probability and Games
theoretical
47
Praxeological Prediction and the Law of Marginal Utility
theoretical
48
The Law of Returns and Human Labor
theoretical
49
The Creative Genius and Production
theoretical
50
Human Society and Cooperation
theoretical
51
A Critique of the Holistic and Metaphysical View of Society
theoretical
52
The Conflict of Collectivist Creeds and the Liberal Solution
theoretical
53
Praxeology and Liberalism
theoretical
54
The Division of Labor and the Ricardian Law of Association
theoretical
55
The Individual Within Society and the Fable of Mystic Communion
theoretical
56
The Great Society and the Instinct of Aggression
theoretical
57
Misinterpretations of Natural Science and the Role of Ideas
theoretical
58
World View and Ideology
theoretical
59
The Role of Means in Political Parties
theoretical
60
The Fight Against Error
theoretical
61
Might and the Ideological Foundation of Rule
theoretical
62
Traditionalism and the Idea of Progress
theoretical
63
Exchange Within Society: Autistic vs. Interpersonal
theoretical
64
Contractual Bonds and Hegemonic Bonds
theoretical
65
Calculative Action and the Market Economy
theoretical
66
Valuation Without Calculation
theoretical
67
The Barter-Fiction and the Neutrality of Money
theoretical
68
The Fallacy of Measurable Value
theoretical
69
The Theory of Value and Socialism
theoretical
70
The Problem of Economic Calculation
theoretical
71
Money as the Vehicle of Calculation
theoretical
72
Economic Calculation and the Market
theoretical
73
The Character of Monetary Entries
theoretical
74
The Limits of Economic Calculation
theoretical
75
The Changeability of Prices and the Illusion of Stability
theoretical
76
The Root of the Stabilization Idea
theoretical
77
Monetary Calculation as a Tool of Action
theoretical
78
Catallactics or Economics of the Market Society
chapter
79
The Method of Imaginary Constructions
theoretical
80
The Autistic Economy
theoretical
81
The State of Rest and the Evenly Rotating Economy
theoretical
82
The Stationary Economy
theoretical
83
The Integration of Catallactic Functions
theoretical
84
The Characteristics of the Market Economy
theoretical
85
Capital and Capitalism
theoretical
86
Competition: Biological vs. Social
theoretical
87
The Nature and Function of Catallactic Competition
theoretical
88
Equality of Opportunity and Monopoly
theoretical
89
The Reality of Competition and Anti-Competition Policies
theoretical
90
Freedom and Liberty in Society
theoretical
91
The Semantic Revolution and the Attack on Liberty
theoretical
92
Inequality of Wealth and Income
theoretical
93
Entrepreneurial Profit and Loss
theoretical
94
Profits and Losses in a Progressing Economy
theoretical
95
The Underconsumption Bogey and Purchasing Power Argument
theoretical
96
Promoters, Managers, Technicians, and Bureaucrats
theoretical
97
The Selective Process of the Market
theoretical
98
The Individual and the Market: Producers vs. Consumers
theoretical
99
Business Propaganda and Advertising
theoretical
100
The Concept of Volkswirtschaft vs. World Economy
theoretical
101
The Pricing Process and the Role of Entrepreneurs
theoretical
102
Valuation and Appraisement
theoretical
103
The Prices of the Goods of Higher Orders
theoretical
104
Cost Accounting and the Indivisibility of Factors
theoretical
105
Logical Catallactics Versus Mathematical Catallactics
theoretical
106
Monopoly Prices and the Supremacy of the Consumers
theoretical
107
Prerequisites and Misconceptions of Monopoly Theory
theoretical
108
Varieties of Monopoly: Optimum, Incomplete, and Oligopoly
theoretical
109
Institutional Monopolies and Government Intervention
theoretical
110
Special Cases: Land, Big-Scale Production, and Failure Monopoly
theoretical
111
Labor Unions and the Mathematical Theory of Monopoly
theoretical
112
Good Will and the Monopoly of Demand
theoretical
113
The Consumer and Monopoly Prices
theoretical
114
Arguments For and Against Monopoly and Cartels
theoretical
115
Price Discrimination on the Part of the Seller
theoretical
116
Practical Examples and Rarity of Price Discrimination
theoretical
117
Price Discrimination on the Part of the Buyer and Connexity of Prices
theoretical
118
Prices, Income, and Production
theoretical
119
The Chimera of Nonmarket Prices
theoretical
120
Indirect Exchange and the Theory of Money
theoretical
121
Errors in Monetary Doctrine: The Neutrality of Money
theoretical
122
Demand for and Supply of Money
theoretical
123
The Origin of Money and the Regression Theorem
theoretical
124
The Process of Monetary Change and the Problem of Neutrality
theoretical
125
Cash-Induced vs. Goods-Induced Changes
theoretical
126
The Services and Quantity of Money
theoretical
127
Inflation and Deflation; Inflationism and Deflationism
theoretical
128
Monetary Calculation and Changes in Purchasing Power
theoretical
129
The Anticipation of Expected Changes in Purchasing Power
theoretical
130
The Specific Value of Money
theoretical
131
The Import of the Money Relation
theoretical
132
Money-Substitutes and Fiduciary Media
theoretical
133
The Limitation on the Issuance of Fiduciary Media
theoretical
134
The Size and Composition of Cash Holdings
theoretical
135
Balances of Payments and Interlocal Exchange Rates
theoretical
136
Interest Rates and the Money Relation
theoretical
137
Characteristics and Consequences of Foreign Exchange Equalization Accounts
theoretical
138
Secondary Media of Exchange
theoretical
139
The Inflationist View of History
theoretical
140
The Gold Standard and International Cooperation
theoretical
141
Action in the Passing of Time: Valuation and Time Preference
theoretical
142
Period of Production, Waiting Time, and Period of Provision
theoretical
143
International Capital Markets and the 'Exploitation' Myth
theoretical
144
Altruism and Time-Preference Applications
theoretical
145
The Disintegration of the International Capital Market
theoretical
146
The Convertibility of Capital Goods
theoretical
147
The Influence of the Past Upon Action
theoretical
148
Patents and the Alleged Suppression of Inventions
theoretical
149
Accumulation, Maintenance and Consumption of Capital
theoretical
150
The Mobility of the Investor and Capital Flight
theoretical
151
Money and Capital; Saving and Investment
theoretical
152
The Phenomenon of Interest
theoretical
153
Originary Interest
theoretical
154
Originary Interest and the Productivity Approach
theoretical
155
The Role of Interest in Entrepreneurial Planning
theoretical
156
Refutation of the Productivity Approach
theoretical
157
Interest in the Evenly Rotating Economy
theoretical
158
The Height of Interest Rates
theoretical
159
Originary Interest in the Changing Economy
theoretical
160
The Computation of Interest
theoretical
161
Interest, Credit Expansion, and the Trade Cycle: The Problems
chapter
162
The Entrepreneurial Component in the Gross Market Rate
theoretical
163
The Price Premium in the Gross Market Rate
theoretical
164
The Loan Market and Entrepreneurial Calculation
theoretical
165
Effects of Money Relation Changes on Originary Interest
theoretical
166
The Process of Credit Expansion and the Boom
theoretical
167
The Collapse of the Boom and the Depression
theoretical
168
Deflation and Credit Contraction
theoretical
169
Credit Expansion vs. Simple Inflation and the Circulation Credit Theory
theoretical
170
Footnotes and the Nature of Credit Expansion Analysis
theoretical
171
Credit Expansion vs. Commodity Money Increases
theoretical
172
Historical Tendencies in Interest Rate Lowering
theoretical
173
The Market Economy as Affected by the Recurrence of the Trade Cycle
chapter
174
Critique of Forced Saving and Malinvestment Arguments
theoretical
175
The Moral and Psychological Ravages of the Boom
theoretical
176
The Process of Readjustment and Capital Restoration
theoretical
177
The Role Played by Unemployed Factors of Production in the First Stages of a Boom
theoretical
178
The Fallacies of the Nonmonetary Explanations of the Trade Cycle
theoretical
179
Critique of Disproportionality and Cosmic Theories
theoretical
180
The Durable Goods Doctrine and the Acceleration Principle
theoretical
181
The Limits of Expansion and Agricultural Cycles
theoretical
182
Work and Wages: Introversive vs. Extroversive Labor
chapter
183
Joy and Tedium of Labor
theoretical
184
The Determination of Wage Rates
theoretical
185
Market Tendencies and Catallactic Unemployment
theoretical
186
Gross Wage Rates and Net Wage Rates
theoretical
187
Wages and Subsistence: The Critique of the Iron Law
theoretical
188
Institutional Wage Determination and Labor Union Claims
theoretical
189
Comparison Between Historical Wage Theory and the Regression Theorem
theoretical
190
The Supply of Labor and the Disutility of Labor
theoretical
191
The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of the Masses
theoretical
192
Historical Myths of the Industrial Revolution
theoretical
193
Wage Rates and the Labor Market Structure
theoretical
194
The Economics of Compulsory Labor: Animals and Slaves
theoretical
195
Theory of Rent and Nonhuman Original Factors of Production
theoretical
196
Land Utilization and the Time Factor
theoretical
197
Institutional Conditions and Soil Exploitation
theoretical
198
Submarginal Land and Mineral Deposits
theoretical
199
Land as Standing Room and the Prices of Land
theoretical
200
The Myth of the Soil
theoretical
201
The Data of the Market: Theory and Power
chapter
202
The Historical Role of War and Conquest
theoretical
203
Real Man as a Datum and the Period of Adjustment
theoretical
204
External Costs and External Economies
theoretical
205
Intellectual Creation, Patents, and Privileges
theoretical
206
Harmony and Conflict of Interests: The Montaigne Dogma
chapter
207
The Limitation of Offspring and the Malthusian Law
theoretical
208
The Harmony of the 'Rightly Understood' Interests
chapter
209
The Fallacy of the Socialist Critique and the Nature of Wages
chapter
210
Monopoly and the Distortion of Market Facts
chapter
211
Private Property as a Social Function
chapter
212
The Conflicts of Our Age: Capitalism vs. Nationalism
chapter
213
The Historical Origin of the Socialist Idea
chapter
214
The Socialist Doctrine and the Praxeological Character of Socialism
chapter
215
The Impossibility of Economic Calculation Under Socialism
chapter
216
Critique of Labor and Utility Units in Socialist Calculation
theoretical
217
Trial and Error in Economic Calculation
theoretical
218
The Quasi-market and Neosocialism
theoretical
219
The Differential Equations of Mathematical Economics
theoretical
220
The Government and the Market: The Idea of a Third System
chapter
221
The Patterns of Socialism and Interventionism
theoretical
222
The Nature of Government and the Delimitation of Functions
theoretical
223
Critique of Moral Reform as a Substitute for Market Forces
theoretical
224
The Meaning of Laissez Faire and Government Interference
theoretical
225
Interference by Taxation: Neutral and Total Taxes
chapter
226
The Three Classes of Tax Interventionism
theoretical
227
Chapter XXIX: Restriction of Production - The Nature of Restriction
chapter
228
The Prize of Restriction
theoretical
229
Interference with the Structure of Prices
theoretical
230
Minimum Wage Rates and Labor Unionism
theoretical
231
Currency and Credit Manipulation
theoretical
232
Confiscation and Redistribution
theoretical
233
Syndicalism and Corporativism
theoretical
234
The Economics of War
theoretical
235
The Welfare Principle Versus the Market Principle
theoretical
236
The Crisis of Interventionism
theoretical
237
The Nondescript Character of Economics
theoretical
238
The Place of Economics in Learning
theoretical
239
Economics and the Essential Problems of Human Existence
theoretical
240
Index and Colophon
bibliography