Martin de Azpilcuetas Comentario resolutorio de cambios und Luis Ortiz'

[Title Page and Series Information]: Title page and series metadata for the Vademecum accompanying the classics of Spanish economic thought by Martin de Azpilcueta and Luis Ortiz. [Table of Contents and Publication Details]: Table of contents listing essays by Schefold, Grice-Hutchinson, and Lluch, along with publication, copyright, and ISBN information. [Spanish Economic Thought at the Beginning of the Modern Era]: Bertram Schefold provides an extensive introduction to 16th-century Spanish economic thought, focusing on the School of Salamanca. He analyzes the development of the quantity theory of money by Azpilcueta, the ethical debates surrounding usury and 'lucrum cessans', and the early mercantilist ideas of Luis Ortiz. The essay also contextualizes these theories within the historical 'Price Revolution' caused by American silver imports, using price indices and historical data to explain the economic decline of the Spanish Empire. [Biographical and Theoretical Context of Azpilcueta and Ortiz]: Schefold details the biographies of Azpilcueta and Ortiz, contrasting the former's academic rigor in canon law with the latter's practical administrative experience. He provides a deep dive into Azpilcueta's 'Comentario', explaining the eight reasons for currency value fluctuations and the early formulation of purchasing power parity. The section concludes by comparing Azpilcueta's quantity theory with that of Nicolaus Copernicus and analyzing Ortiz's mercantilist proposals for import substitution and industrial development. [Epigrams on Martín de Azpilcueta and Luis Ortiz]: A collection of scholarly quotes (epigrams) in German and English evaluating the historical significance of Azpilcueta and Ortiz. Key themes include Azpilcueta's precedence over Jean Bodin in formulating the quantity theory and Ortiz's status as an early European mercantilist. [Martin de Azpilcueta's Comentario resolutorio de cambios]: Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson explores the life and work of Azpilcueta within the context of the School of Salamanca. She traces the medieval roots of usury theory and explains how Azpilcueta's direct observation of the Spanish price revolution led to his breakthrough in monetary theory. The essay highlights his influence on later thinkers like Grotius and Pufendorf and his role in establishing the purchasing power parity theory. [Translation Excerpts: Azpilcueta's Comentario resolutorio de Cambios]: Selected German translations from Azpilcueta's 1556 work. The text covers the ethical justification of currency exchange, the distinction between natural and unnatural uses of money, and the famous 'eight reasons' why money changes in value. It includes his seminal observation that money is worth more where it is scarce and less where it is abundant (the quantity theory). [Luis Ortiz's Book on Remedying Idleness and Promoting Work]: Ernest Lluch analyzes Luis Ortiz's 1558 'Memorial', arguing it is a foundational mercantilist text rather than a mere petition. He discusses the term 'arbitrista', the historical context of the 1557 Spanish state bankruptcy, and Ortiz's influence on later thinkers like Sancho de Moncada. The essay outlines Ortiz's program for industrial development, the creation of a common market in Spain, and the use of American treasure to foster domestic production. [Translation Excerpts: Luis Ortiz's Memorial to Philip II]: Selected German translations of Luis Ortiz's 1558 memorial. Ortiz proposes radical measures to prevent the outflow of gold and silver, including banning the export of raw materials (wool, silk, iron) and the import of finished goods. He advocates for a national work ethic, the education of all classes in trades, infrastructure improvements (navigable rivers, irrigation), and the establishment of state-managed grain storage to combat inflation and hunger. [Biographies, Bibliography, and Chronology]: Biographical sketches of Azpilcueta and Ortiz, a selected bibliography of secondary literature, and an extensive chronological table (Zeittafel) placing the authors within the broader history of philosophy and economics from Socrates to Malthus.