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Business Cycles Vol. II - A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process
1939
by
Schumpeter
Business Cycles
Joseph Schumpeter
Bank of England
Friedrich A. Hayek
Interest Rates
Jan Tinbergen
Price Level
Stock Exchange
Wages
Federal Reserve
Industrial Revolution
Monetary Policy
Rationalization
Boom and Bust
Innovation
Credit Expansion
Equilibrium
Irving Fisher
Leon Walras
Price Mechanism
Knut Wicksell
Capital Goods
Gunnar Myrdal
Standard of Living
Free Trade
Deflation
Welfare Economics
Karl Marx
Arthur Cecil Pigou
Unemployment
Inflation
Purchasing Power
Supply and Demand
Cartels
Monopolistic Competition
Monopoly
Oligopoly
Perfect Competition
Commodity Money
Exchange Value
Marginal Utility
Monetary Theory
Velocity of Circulation
Stationary Economy
Quantity Theory of Money
Alfred Marshall
Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk
Mercantilism
Alvin Hansen
Investment
National Income
Taxation
John Hicks
Hoarding
Saving
Capital Accumulation
John Maynard Keynes
Liquidity
Money Market
Aristotle
Economic History
Usury
Capital Movements
Uncertainty
Speculation
Central Banking
Profit and Loss
Ludwig von Mises
Natural Rate of Interest
Reichsbank
Banking School
Currency School
Price Controls
Discount Rate
Open Market Operations
William Stanley Jevons
Autarky
International Trade
Terms of Trade
Gold Standard
Bank of France
Exchange Rates
Walter Bagehot
Fritz Machlup
Expectations
Marxism
Totalitarianism
Class Struggle
Entrepreneurship
Fiscal Policy
Proletariat
Determinism
World War I
Protectionism
Reparations
Communism
Deficit Spending
Inheritance
Social Democracy
Weimar Republic
Agriculture
Overproduction
Subsidies
Productivity
Economic Goods
Insurance
Laissez-faire
Trade Unions
Banking
Money Supply
Hjalmar Schacht
Devaluation
Great Depression
Wage Rigidity
Economic Efficiency
Capital Flight
Exchange Control
Capital Consumption
Real Income
Capitalism
Methodology
New Deal
Collective Bargaining
Multiplier
Bureaucracy
Nationalization
David Ricardo
Table of Contents · 181 segments
1
Title Page and Publication Information
theoretical
2
Table of Contents: Chapters VIII to XIII
theoretical
3
Table of Contents: Chapter XIV (1919–1929)
theoretical
4
Chapter XV Table of Contents and Chapter VIII: The Price Level
chapter
5
The Role of Price Movements in Prosperity and Depression
theoretical
6
The Concept and Measurement of the Price Level
theoretical
7
Mathematical Derivation of Price Level Changes
theoretical
8
Spheres of Expenditure and the Inclusion of Prices
theoretical
9
Practical Challenges in Price Index Construction
theoretical
10
Analysis of the Behavior of Price-level Series
theoretical
11
The Kondratieff Cycle and the Three-Cycle Schema
theoretical
12
Historical Price Trends and the Influence of External Factors
theoretical
13
The Second and Third Kondratieff Cycles: Price Level Deviations
theoretical
14
Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Price Series
theoretical
15
Group Prices and Cyclical Covariation
theoretical
16
Physical Quantities and Total Output Measurement
theoretical
17
The Analysis of the Trend in Total Industrial Output
theoretical
18
Capitalist Performance and the Phenomenon of Retardation
theoretical
19
The Cyclical Behavior of the Physical Volume of Production
theoretical
20
International Ratios and Price-Quantity Associations
theoretical
21
Employment of Labor: Normal, Technological, and Cyclical Unemployment
theoretical
22
Prices and Quantities of Individual Commodities
chapter
23
Prices and Quantities of Individual Commodities: Theoretical Framework
theoretical
24
Behavior of Non-innovating Industries and Competitive Schema
theoretical
25
Sensitive Prices and the Failure of Invariant Marshallian Curves
theoretical
26
Special Cases: Technological Lags and the Coffee Cycle
theoretical
27
Cycles in Animals: The Hog Cycle and Endogenous Response
theoretical
28
The Cycle in Shipbuilding
theoretical
29
Entrepreneurial Price Policies and Market Imperfections
theoretical
30
Chapter XI: Expenditure, Wages, Customers' Balances - Propositions about Money
chapter
31
The Non-Commodity Nature of Money and Credit Creation
theoretical
32
Concepts of Velocity: Efficiency vs. Rate of Spending
theoretical
33
The Quantity Theory and the Limits of Monetary Supply
theoretical
34
Critique of the 'Encaisse Désirée' and Demand for Money
theoretical
35
The Necessity and Limits of Monetary Analysis
theoretical
36
System Expenditure and the Primacy of Producers' Expenditure
theoretical
37
Consumer Spending Tendencies and the Role of Bank Clearings
theoretical
38
System Expenditure and the Mechanism of Innovation
theoretical
39
Cyclical Behavior of Expenditure and the Role of Money
theoretical
40
Historical Analysis of United States Clearings (1875-1913)
theoretical
41
Producers' vs. Consumers' Expenditure as Active Elements
theoretical
42
National Income and Wage Theory
theoretical
43
Historical Trends in Wage Rates and Labor's Share
theoretical
44
Empirical Analysis of Wage Series and Cyclical Behavior
theoretical
45
Wage Stickiness and the Mechanism of Evolution
theoretical
46
The Role of Wages in Cyclical Turning Points and Policy
theoretical
47
Deposits and Loans: The Sources of System Expenditure
theoretical
48
Empirical Analysis of Bank Balances and Loans in the Cyclical Process
theoretical
49
The Rate of Spending and Price Level Variations
theoretical
50
Underspending, Hoarding, and the Role of Saving
theoretical
51
Statistical Challenges in Measuring Capital Formation and Saving
theoretical
52
The Loan-Deposit Ratio and the Evolution of Banking Habits
theoretical
53
Indicators of Investment and the Financing of Innovation
theoretical
54
Chapter XII: The Rate of Interest - Earlier Argument Resumed
chapter
55
Shifts in the Demand for Balances and the Interest Rate Lag
theoretical
56
The Supply of Balances and the Structure of Interest Rates
theoretical
57
Market Segmentation and the Myth of the Long-Term Rate
theoretical
58
Historical Evolution of Interest Rates and the Preponderance of Consumption Lending
theoretical
59
Methodological Challenges in Interest Rate Time Series
theoretical
60
The Fragmentation of the Money Market and Mortgage Rates
theoretical
61
The Bond Market and its Relation to Short-Term Rates
theoretical
62
The Stock Market and the Open Market Mechanism
theoretical
63
Evolution of Central Bank Rate Policy
theoretical
64
Discussion of the Time Shape of Interest Rate
theoretical
65
The Cyclical Nature and Trend of Interest Rates
theoretical
66
Cyclical Behavior and the Three-Cycle Model
theoretical
67
Historical Analysis of Interest Rates in the Kondratieff Cycle
theoretical
68
Statistical Relations: Interest, Profits, and Prices
theoretical
69
Critique of Monetary Theories of the Cycle
theoretical
70
The Efficacy of Cheap and Dear Money Policies
theoretical
71
Chapter XIII: The Central Market and the Stock Exchange
chapter
72
The Logic of Member Bank Behavior and the Initiative in Lending
theoretical
73
Bank Initiative and the Limits of Monetary Policy in Depressions
theoretical
74
Secondary Reserves and Open-Market Operations
theoretical
75
Refunding, Financial Initiative, and the Crédit Mobilier Type
theoretical
76
The Role of Central Banks in the Cyclical Process
theoretical
77
Central Bank Management and the Limits of Monetary Control
theoretical
78
Central Banks, Crises, and the Policing of Capitalism
theoretical
79
Statistical Analysis of Bank of England and New York Bank Series
theoretical
80
International Trade and Cyclical Behavior
theoretical
81
Central Banking and International Commodity Movements
theoretical
82
The Priority of Finance in International Relations
theoretical
83
Capital Movements and the Gold Standard Burden
theoretical
84
The Art of Central Banking: Coordinating National and International Components
theoretical
85
Bank of England Procedures and Open-Market Operations
theoretical
86
International Cooperation and Gold Price Manipulation
theoretical
87
The Short-Capital Mechanism and Bank Rate Effectiveness
theoretical
88
The Bank of England as the Bankers' Bank of Bankers' Banks
theoretical
89
The Impact of South African Gold and International Reserves
theoretical
90
Stock Exchange Series and Banking Policy
theoretical
91
The Role of Stock Market Transactions in the Business Cycle
theoretical
92
The Pricing Process on Stock Exchanges and Mass Psychology
theoretical
93
Cyclical Behavior of Stock Prices and Investment
theoretical
94
Historical Corroboration of Stock Market Cycles
theoretical
95
Central Banking and Stock Speculation
theoretical
96
Chapter XIV: 1919—1929: Postwar Events and Problems
chapter
97
Comments on Postwar Patterns: The Social Process and the Capitalist Machine
theoretical
98
The Evolution of Social Structures: Labor Power and the New Middle Class
theoretical
99
The Erosion of Bourgeois Motivations and the Anti-Saving Attitude
theoretical
100
External Factors and the Impact of the World War
theoretical
101
International Economic Relations and the Failure of Postwar Arrangements
theoretical
102
Global War Effects: New Zealand, Industrialization in the Tropics, and Russia
theoretical
103
Postwar Protectionism and International Trade
theoretical
104
Postwar Conditions in the United States: Fiscal and Social Policy
theoretical
105
The Economic Effects of High Taxation on Capitalist Evolution
theoretical
106
Postwar Germany: Social Democracy, Inflation, and Foreign Credits
theoretical
107
Postwar England: The Gold Standard and Structural Change
theoretical
108
The Agrarian Crisis: Technological Revolution and Debt
theoretical
109
The Postwar Building Booms
theoretical
110
The Industrial Revolution of the 1920s: Electricity and Chemistry
theoretical
111
Case Studies in Industrial Innovation: Motors, Metals, and Rayon
theoretical
112
The Cyclical Path to the 1929 Crash
theoretical
113
The Behavior of Systematic Series from 1919 to 1929: Industrial Production
theoretical
114
Post-War Output and Rationalization in Germany and Great Britain
theoretical
115
Producers' vs. Consumers' Goods and Technological Unemployment
theoretical
116
Price Levels and Interest Rates in the Post-War Decade
theoretical
117
System Expenditure, National Income, and the Oversaving Myth
theoretical
118
Corporate Earning Power and Profit Ratios
theoretical
119
Analysis of Wage Rates and Employment in the United States (1919-1929)
theoretical
120
The Impact of Wage Levels on Industrial Adaptation and Unemployment
theoretical
121
Comparative Analysis: Wage Trends and Unemployment in Germany
theoretical
122
The United Kingdom: Wage Stability, Fiscal Policy, and Structural Unemployment
theoretical
123
Postwar Banking Dynamics and the Nature of Time Deposits
theoretical
124
Monetary Expansion and the Shift Toward Time Accounts
theoretical
125
The Evolution of Bank Investments and Velocity in the 1920s
theoretical
126
Structural Changes in Corporate Financing and Security Loans
theoretical
127
Bank Investment Trends and Federal Reserve Open-Market Operations
theoretical
128
Comparative Banking Developments: Germany and England
theoretical
129
Temporary Investment and the Role of Nonbank Lenders
theoretical
130
The Mechanics of Brokers' Loans and Stock Market Conversion
theoretical
131
Stock Prices, Interest Rates, and the Illusion of Monetary Strain
theoretical
132
Capital Flotations and 'Productive' Investment Analysis
theoretical
133
Comparative Stock Market Developments: Germany and England
theoretical
134
The Federal Reserve System and Postwar Monetary Expansion
theoretical
135
Federal Reserve Credit Mechanics and Accounting
theoretical
136
Member Bank Reserve Accounts and the Mechanism of Rediscounts
theoretical
137
The Structure and Policy of the Federal Reserve System
theoretical
138
Historical Review of Federal Reserve Open-Market Operations (1922–1929)
theoretical
139
Conclusions on Central Banking and the Great Depression
theoretical
140
Chapter XV: The World Crisis and After - The Cyclical Schema
chapter
141
Factors in the American Depression: Debt, Deflation, and External Influences
theoretical
142
The United States Business Cycle in 1930
theoretical
143
The English Depression of 1930
theoretical
144
The German Economic Crisis of 1930
theoretical
145
Physical Production and the 1932 Trough
theoretical
146
Efficiency and Rationalization During Depression
theoretical
147
The 1931 Intermezzo and German Financial Catastrophe
theoretical
148
U.S. Monetary Policy and the Banking Epidemics
theoretical
149
Fiscal Policy and the 1933 Banking Panic
theoretical
150
Locating the Trough of the Fourth Juglar Cycle
theoretical
151
Employment and Price Level Dynamics in Recovery
theoretical
152
Structural Changes in the Price System and Production
theoretical
153
National Income, Corporate Earnings, and Capital Consumption
theoretical
154
Wage Rates and Labor Market Dynamics
theoretical
155
The United Kingdom: Suspension of the Gold Standard and Recovery
theoretical
156
British Monetary Expansion and Open-Market Operations (1932-1938)
chapter
157
The Effects of British Monetary Management and Neomercantilism
chapter
158
The British Building Boom and Armament Expenditure
chapter
159
Statistical Evidence of the British Cyclical Process
chapter
160
The State-Directed Economy of Germany: Recovery and Employment
chapter
161
German Spending Policies: Pump-Priming vs. Armament Expenditure
chapter
162
German Price, Wage, and Monetary Management (1933-1938)
chapter
163
Recovery and Recovery Policy in the United States from 1933 to 1935
theoretical
164
Institutional Reforms and Remedial Measures of 1933
theoretical
165
The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) and Recovery
theoretical
166
The National Recovery Administration (NRA) and Wage Policy
theoretical
167
Monetary Policy, Devaluation, and Public Expenditure
theoretical
168
Federal Income-Generating Expenditure and the Recovery Process
theoretical
169
The Interaction of Government Spending and Autonomous Recovery
theoretical
170
Statistical Analysis of the 1933-1935 Recovery
theoretical
171
The Disappointing Juglar and the 1937 Slump
theoretical
172
Monetary Conditions and Price Behavior (1935-1938)
theoretical
173
Industrial Innovation and Sectoral Developments
theoretical
174
Monetary Management and the 1937 Slump
theoretical
175
The Theory of Vanishing Investment Opportunity
theoretical
176
The Impact of Hostile Institutional Environment
theoretical
177
Appendix: Statistical Material and Methodology
bibliography
178
Appendix: Statistical Sources and Methods for Charts V-XXII
bibliography
179
Appendix: Statistical Sources and Methods for Charts XXIII-XXXVIII
bibliography
180
Appendix: Statistical Sources and Methods for Postwar Pulse Charts XXXIX-LX
bibliography
181
Index of Subjects and Authors
bibliography