Zwischen Revolution und Restauration

[Front Matter and Editorial Board]: This segment contains the series information for 'Geschichte des politischen Denkens', listing the primary editors and the extensive international advisory board which includes prominent figures like Hannah Arendt and Eric Voegelin. [Title Page and Publication Details]: The title page and publication metadata for the volume 'Zwischen Revolution und Restauration', focusing on English political thought in the 17th century, edited by Eric Voegelin. [Table of Contents]: The table of contents listing the initial chapters of the book, covering general English political thought in the 17th century, the 'Divine Right of Kings' (James I and Robert Filmer), and Thomas Hobbes. [Table of Contents and Introduction to 17th Century English Political Thought]: This segment contains the remaining table of contents and the introductory essay by Manfred Henningsen on 17th-century English political thought. Henningsen argues that the period is defined by the tension between revolution and restoration, culminating in the Glorious Revolution. He contextualizes the English crisis within the broader European collapse of medieval Christianitas and the rise of sovereign national states. The essay details the religious disintegration following the Reformation, specifically the rise of Puritanism and Independentism against the Anglican establishment, and the socio-economic shifts involving the gentry and merchant classes. [The Failure of Radical and Republican Projects and the Rise of Locke]: Henningsen analyzes why radical revolutionary projects like Winstanley's Digger movement and Harrington's republicanism remained episodic in England. He contrasts Hobbes's realistic but 'spirit-forsaken' anthropology with John Locke's subsequent compromise. Locke is presented as the philosopher of a burgeoning bourgeois society who reduced human nature to the desire for property, yet succeeded by integrating medieval English institutional traditions into his constitutional framework, making his thought the foundation for Anglo-Saxon politics. [Divine Right of Kings: James I and Robert Filmer]: This extensive essay by Manfred Henningsen explores the doctrine of the 'Divine Right of Kings' through its primary exponents, James I and Robert Filmer. It details James I's transition from the Scottish to the English throne and his use of biblical and natural law analogies (the father, the head of the body) to justify absolute monarchical power against Parliament and Common Law judges like Edward Coke. The essay then transitions to Robert Filmer's 'Patriarcha', which grounded royal authority in a genealogical descent from Adam. Henningsen argues these theories were attempts to fill the spiritual vacuum left by the collapse of the medieval order, ultimately failing as the symbols no longer matched political reality. [Thomas Hobbes: The Science of Politics and the Behemoth]: Peter J. Opitz examines Thomas Hobbes's political philosophy, focusing on his historiographical work 'Behemoth' as a case study of the English Civil War's causes. Opitz highlights Hobbes's transition from humanist historiography to a 'scientific' political method inspired by Galileo and Harvey. Hobbes identifies the primary cause of civil disorder as the ignorance of true political principles and the ambitious interference of the clergy. The segment explains Hobbes's 'resolutive-compositive' method: breaking society down into its basic elements (human passions) to understand how to reconstruct a stable order. [Hobbesian Anthropology and the Leviathan]: Opitz details the core of Hobbesian anthropology as presented in 'Leviathan'. He describes the human condition as a restless pursuit of power driven by passions, leading to a state of war (bellum omnium contra omnes). The fear of violent death (summum malum) serves as the catalyst for reason to suggest 'Articles of Peace' or natural laws. The segment explains the formation of the Commonwealth through a contract where individuals transfer their rights to a sovereign (the Leviathan), creating an 'artificial person' to ensure security and order. It also addresses Hobbes's insistence on the indivisibility of sovereign power and the subordination of the church to the state. [James Harrington and the Classical Republicanism of Oceana]: Jürgen Gebhardt analyzes James Harrington's 'Oceana' and his theory of classical republicanism. Harrington argues that political power follows the 'balance of property', specifically land ownership. He traces the collapse of the English monarchy to the shift of land from the nobility to the gentry and people. The segment details Harrington's proposed constitutional model: a bicameral legislature (Senate for debate, Assembly for result), rotation of office, and an agrarian law to maintain the property balance. Gebhardt emphasizes Harrington's 'ancient prudence' as a secular, humanist alternative to both Hobbesian absolutism and Puritan millenarianism. [Gerrard Winstanley and the Digger Movement]: This segment covers the radical social wing of the English Revolution through Gerrard Winstanley and the Digger (True Leveller) movement. Gebhardt describes the socio-economic distress of the landless poor and Winstanley's mystical-apocalyptic vision of the earth as a 'common treasury'. It details the failed attempt to establish a Christian agrarian commune on St. George's Hill and Winstanley's final work, 'The Law of Freedom', which proposed a communist Commonwealth to Oliver Cromwell. The essay highlights Winstanley's unique blend of spiritual mysticism and radical materialist social critique. [John Locke: Liberalism, Property, and the Secular State]: Peter J. Opitz provides a critical analysis of John Locke's political thought. While acknowledging Locke's massive influence on the American Revolution and Western liberalism, Opitz critiques the 'spiritual poverty' of Locke's system. The segment covers Locke's theory of toleration (the separation of church and state), his labor theory of property, and his constitutionalism (legislative supremacy and the right to resistance). Opitz argues that Locke reduced the state's purpose to the protection of property and the facilitation of 'bourgeois acquisitiveness', leading to a secularized public sphere devoid of deeper spiritual substance. [Notes and Bibliography]: This segment contains the comprehensive endnotes and bibliography for the preceding essays. It includes citations for works by James I, Robert Filmer, Thomas Hobbes, James Harrington, Gerrard Winstanley, and John Locke, as well as secondary literature on 17th-century English history and political thought by scholars such as Christopher Hill, Peter Laslett, and Eric Voegelin. [Bibliography: James I, Robert Filmer, Thomas Hobbes, James Harrington, Gerrard Winstanley, and John Locke]: A comprehensive bibliography of primary works and secondary literature for key figures of 17th-century English political thought, including James I, Robert Filmer, Thomas Hobbes, James Harrington, Gerrard Winstanley, and John Locke. [Bibliography Continued: Winstanley and Locke]: Continuation of the bibliography focusing on the works and secondary literature of Gerrard Winstanley and John Locke, covering themes of social justice, the Digger movement, and Locke's political philosophy. [Biographies: James I and Robert Filmer]: Chronological biographies of James I and Robert Filmer. It details James I's reign in Scotland and England, his theological interests, and his conflicts with Parliament. Filmer's biography tracks his life as a member of the Kentish gentry and the posthumous publication of 'Patriarcha'. [Biography: Thomas Hobbes]: A detailed chronological biography of Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). It covers his education, his travels on the continent, his association with Francis Bacon and the Cavendish family, the development of his philosophical trilogy, and the publication of 'Leviathan' amidst the English Civil War. [Biography: James Harrington]: Chronological biography of James Harrington (1611–1677), author of 'The Commonwealth of Oceana'. It tracks his relationship with Charles I, his political activity during the Interregnum, the founding of the Rota Club, and his eventual imprisonment after the Restoration. [Biography: Gerrard Winstanley]: Biography of Gerrard Winstanley (1609–1676), leader of the Digger movement. It documents his transition from a failed cloth merchant to a radical writer and activist, the establishment of the Digger colony at St. George's Hill, and his final major work 'The Law of Freedom'. [Biography: John Locke]: A comprehensive biography of John Locke (1632–1704). It details his medical and scientific interests, his pivotal relationship with the Earl of Shaftesbury, his exile in Holland, and the publication of his major works on government, human understanding, and toleration following the Glorious Revolution. [Index of Persons]: An alphabetical index of historical and philosophical figures mentioned throughout the volume, including page references. [Author Biographies and Series Statement]: Biographical sketches of the authors/editors (Gebhardt, Henningsen, Opitz) and a programmatic statement regarding the 'History of Political Thought' series, emphasizing a global, non-Eurocentric approach to political ideas.