[Front Matter and Table of Contents]: This segment contains the title pages, publication metadata, and a detailed table of contents for the 20th volume of the Austrian Weistümer series, specifically focusing on the legal customs (Weistümer) of the Oberinntal region in Tyrol, covering the courts of Imst, Landeck, Laudeck, and Pfunds. [Historical Introduction to the Court of Imst]: A historical overview of the Court of Imst, tracing its origins from the 12th-century Welfish possessions through Staufian ownership to the administrative reorganization under Meinhard II in the late 13th century. It details the geographical extent and the shifting jurisdictions of the Hofmark Imst and the valleys of Gurgltal and Pitztal. [Market Proclamation of Imst (1524)]: The 1524 market proclamation for Imst, including later 16th-century additions. It outlines strict regulations for the three-day free market, covering weights and measures, specific locations for goods (livestock, lard, flour), bans on gambling and carrying weapons, and rules for foreign merchants and lodging. [Tarrenz: Grazing and Alpine Contracts (1544-1548)]: Two legal agreements involving the community of Tarrenz. The first (1544) is a ten-year grazing contract with Haiming for the Greitlehn pasture on the Tschirgant mountain. The second (1548) is a settlement between Tarrenz and Imst regarding shared usage and timing of the Rudwig alpine pasture. [Tarrenz: Decree on Immigration and Residency (1683)]: A 1683 community decree from Tarrenz aimed at limiting immigration to prevent overpopulation and the depletion of communal resources. It establishes financial requirements for new residents (300 fl. for men, 150 fl. for women) and entry fees, while also addressing the rights of returning former residents. [Nassereith-Dormitz: Village Ordinance (1667)]: A comprehensive 1667 village ordinance for Nassereith and Dormitz. It covers administrative duties of community leaders, agricultural regulations (fencing, damage prevention), fire safety, alpine pasture rules, and detailed transport regulations (Vorspannordnung) for the Fern Pass and Roßbach, including salt transport and immigration controls. [Historical Overview of the Pitztal Valley]: This section provides a historical overview of the Pitztal valley, detailing its transition from the rule of Emperor Frederick II to the Counts of Tyrol. It discusses the administrative and legal autonomy of the valley, including its unique court system (dingstuel) and historical tax disputes between the Upper and Lower parishes. [Tax Agreement between Arzl and Wenns (1561)]: A detailed legal agreement from 1561 resolving a tax dispute between the Lower Parish (Arzl and surrounding villages) and the Upper Parish (Wenns and surrounding villages). It establishes how the two communities will independently manage and pay their shares of the district taxes (gerichtssteurn) and land taxes (lantsteurn) while maintaining mutual financial obligations regarding specific estates like the Thurn and Stainhauß. [Customary Law and Village Ordinances of Wald (c. 1500)]: A comprehensive collection of the customary laws (Ehehaft) for the community of Wald in the Pitztal, dating back to approximately 1500. It covers judicial jurisdiction, the election and duties of the village bailiff (Dorfvogt), weights and measures, debt collection, boundary definitions (Gemerck), maintenance of roads and bridges, and specific regulations for communal forests, alpine pastures (Taschach), and hunting rights. [Hunting, Forestry, and Tax Reorganization in Arzl (1648)]: This segment concludes the customary laws of Wald regarding hunting and wood-cutting before transitioning to a 1648 ordinance aimed at reorganizing the tax system in the parish of Arzl. The reform addresses administrative confusion and ensures the proper collection of ordinary and extraordinary taxes across the four quarters of the parish (Arzl, Wald, Ried/Leins, and Asten/Timmels), including provisions for militia funding. [Communal Resolution on the Taschach Alpine Pasture (1665)]: A formal legal ratification by the district administrator Andreas Störzinger regarding a communal resolution for the Taschach alpine pasture. The decree aims to prevent overgrazing by imposing heavy fines on community members who bring in 'foreign' livestock (horses, cattle, or sheep) from outside the parish for private profit, thereby protecting the communal resource for the local residents of Arzl and Pitztal. [VI. Oberes Kirchspiel Wenns: Introduction and Judicial Reform]: This section introduces the judicial reforms in the Upper Parish of Wenns during the transition to the early modern absolutist state. It discusses how traditional customs were replaced by a new judicial order (Gerichtsordnung) under Gerichtsherr Georg Fueger to align with the Tyrolean provincial ordinances, while ostensibly protecting widows and orphans. [Gerichtsordnung of 1560: Regulation of Local Governance]: A detailed judicial ordinance from 1560 defining the relationship between the local village bailiff (Dorfvogt) of Wenns and the central authority in Imst. It outlines the limits of local jurisdiction in matters of inheritance, guardianship, and minor disputes, ensuring that significant legal actions remain under the supervision of the provincial judge or pfleger. [Tax and Financial Regulation of 1651]: This segment details a 1651 ordinance aimed at resolving a severe financial crisis and tax confusion in the parish of Wenns caused by war and plague. It establishes a clear separation of tax burdens between the districts of Wenns, Sonnenberg, and Jerznerberg, and sets a 30-year framework for debt repayment and future tax assessments. [Pasture and Cattle Drive Dispute Settlement (1628)]: A legal settlement from 1628 resolving a conflict between the communities of Wald and Wenns regarding cattle driving rights (Viehtrieb) and alpine pasture usage. The court defines specific limits on the number of cattle allowed to pass through certain meadows and reaffirms previous treaties to maintain neighborly peace. [Community Decree on Horse Grazing (1674)]: A 1674 decree regulating the number of horses allowed on communal pastures in Wenns and Sonnenberg. The measure was intended to prevent local traders from overstocking pastures with horses destined for the Italian market, which disadvantaged local cattle farmers. It links grazing rights to the amount of tax paid by the resident. [Alpine Ordinance of Jerzens (1554)]: A comprehensive 1554 ordinance for the Jerzens alpine pastures (Alm Tonß). It defines precise geographic boundaries using marked stones (crosses), regulates the employment of shepherds and dairymaids (Sennin), and establishes rules for the use of communal equipment like the mountain kettle (Bergkössl). It also details the rights of specific farms like Gistlwies and Niederhof. [History of the Court of Landeck and the Upper Centene]: An analytical historical overview of the formation of the Court of Landeck and the 'Upper Centene' (obere Centene). It traces the territory's evolution from the Carolingian era through its transfer to the Church of Regensburg and the subsequent influence of the Welf and Tarasp dynasties. It explains the strategic importance of the region as a bridge between Swabia and the Engadin. [Zams: Historical Development and the 1517 Community Ordinance]: This segment details the historical emergence of the community of Zams from the Meierhof of Imst and its eventual administrative transfer to the court of Landeck under Meinhard II. It introduces the 1517 community ordinance, which outlines regulations for land use, including specific provisions for grazing rights (azung), fencing (wildzeun), and the protection of orchards (baumgarten) across various local districts like Neureut and Patscheid. [Agricultural and Pastoral Regulations of Zams (1517)]: A detailed continuation of the 1517 ordinance focusing on specific land management rules. It covers grazing schedules for Neureut and Patscheid, sheep-holding restrictions, the maintenance of 'wild fences' in the Great Field, and the legal process for livestock impoundment (pfandung) by the saltner. It also establishes the specific rights of the local priest and the allocation of individual orchards (Baumgarten) to specific households in Zams. [Legal Ratification and 1580 Meadow Utilization Decree]: This section contains the formal closing of the 1517 agreement, including the invocation of the judge of Landeck, Hans Jenwein. It is followed by a 1580 decree regarding the utilization of the floodplains (Auen) beyond the Zams bridge, authorized by Leonhardt Giennger. The decree specifies that these lands are for hay and grazing rather than cultivation, with specific seasonal protections. [The 1728 Immigration and Residency Ordinance (Zuzugsordnung)]: A comprehensive 1728 ordinance addressing the influx of 'foreigners' and non-propertied residents in Zams. The community argues that new arrivals strain communal resources like wells, roads, and military obligations without contributing. The ordinance establishes a high entry fee (100 gulden) for new citizens and annual residency fees (Inwohnergelt) for others, listing specific individuals and their required payments to the communal treasury. [The 1728 Grazing and Well Maintenance Ordinance]: This ordinance regulates the timing of grazing in the Patscheid and Fonaiß areas to prevent overgrazing. Crucially, it also reforms the management of village wells. While the communal treasury (cassa) pays for the main water lines, individual residents or groups are responsible for the maintenance of specific well-troughs and pipes they use. It also mandates a central main well for winter use and prohibits the washing of 'impurities' in the wells. [The 1754 Herder Assistance Ordinance for Madau]: This document addresses a labor shortage in the remote alpine area of Madau. The tenants of certain alpine meadows (pergmöder) were traditionally obligated to assist herders during snowstorms in exchange for grazing rights. As many tenants moved to the Lech valley, they neglected these duties. The 1754 ordinance establishes a strict rotating schedule among five specific families to ensure herders always have help during dangerous weather. [The Rodordnung (Transport Ordinance) of Zams]: This section introduces the economic importance of the transport trade (Fuhrwesen) in Zams, particularly for salt and merchant goods. It presents the local 'Rodordnung' from the early 16th century, which governed the rotation of freight duties among local carters. The rules ensure that merchant goods are moved efficiently, set penalties for carters who refuse their turn, and prohibit 'jumping the queue' or taking goods from outside the designated system. [The 1572 Imperial Rodordnung of Archduke Ferdinand II]: A formal state ordinance issued by Archduke Ferdinand II to address complaints from merchants about slow and poorly managed transport in Zams. It mandates a minimum of 12 transport wagons, establishes strict rules for the 'Pieter' (dispatcher), and sets fixed freight rates (fuerlon) for routes to Prutz and Imst. It also requires the community to maintain a secure, fire-proof warehouse (Palhaus) and a certified scale (Wag) to protect merchant goods from theft and weather damage. [Historical Overview of the Hofmark Fließ]: This section provides a historical overview of the Hofmark Fließ, tracing its boundaries from Landeck to the Pontlatzer Inn-Klamm. It details the ownership history from the 11th-century Herrschaft Tarasp through its transfer to the Church of Chur and eventually to the Counts of Tyrol (Albert and Meinhard II) in the 13th century. [Legal History and Village Ordinances of Fließ]: An analysis of the legal structures in Fließ, focusing on the 'Ehehaft' (periodic court assembly) and village rights. It notes that the oldest laws were derived from Zams and served as a confirmation of freedoms for the peasantry. It documents various renewals of village ordinances between 1519 and 1801, including regulations on grain sales and residency. [Water and Boundary Ordinance of Fließ (1658)]: A detailed transcription of the 'Schrankenbrief' from 1658 for Fließ. This document regulates water management, irrigation channels (Waal), and boundary markers (Schwöll) throughout the village and surrounding lands like Ponholz. It lists specific property owners and the penalties for unauthorized wood transport or water diversion. [New Village Ordinance of Hochgallmigg (1767)]: The 1767 village ordinance for Hochgallmigg. It defines the roles of local officials (Fierer/Villmer), procedures for communal decision-making, rules for maintaining public paths, and regulations for livestock grazing and alpine farming (Albfahrt). It also covers the protection of the 'Bannwald' (protected forest), church maintenance responsibilities, and the allocation of legal costs. [The Zweiteilgericht and the Court Letter of 1385]: This section describes the administrative union of the Stanzertal and Lower Paznauntal into the 'Zweiteilgericht' under Meinhard II. It includes a 1385 court letter issued by Judge Hans Schuppuser regarding communal grazing rights in the 'Kayser' area, emphasizing the rights of the poor and rich to seek refuge for livestock during bad weather. [Road Route Confirmation for Grins (1330/1372)]: A legal confirmation regarding the historical road route through Grins. It documents a 1330 decree by King Heinrich, later confirmed by Duke Leopold III in 1372, mandating that the main road continue through Grins rather than being diverted past Wisberg, granting locals the authority to maintain the path. [Rodordnung for Grins, Pians, and Stanz (1398)]: A 1398 transport and labor ordinance (Rodordnung) for the districts of Grins, Pians, and Stanz. Mediated by representatives from Zams, the document establishes rules for freight transport, including the number of draft animals required, seasonal restrictions, and the distribution of fees among the three districts. [Zehent Stanz and the Water Ordinance of Perjen (1656)]: This section covers the administrative history of the Zehent Stanz (including Perjen, Bruggen, and Perfuchs) and provides the full text of the 1656 Water Ordinance for Perjen. The ordinance regulates the timing of water usage from the Rosanna river, the maintenance of irrigation channels (Waal), and the appointment of a water warden (Wahlhirte). [VI. Zehenten Grins und Pians: Settlement and Water Rights (1646)]: This section details the tithe districts of Grins and Pians, including a 1646 legal settlement between the communities of Grins, Gmar, and Quadratsch. It addresses disputes over grazing rights for sheep and cattle, and establishes a strict 'Wasserrod' (water rotation) system for the Gwinpach stream. The settlement also includes provisions for legal costs and specific injunctions against Wolfgang Wuecherer regarding pasture access and water usage. [Water Rotation Ordinances of Grins and Quadratsch (1646–1688)]: A collection of detailed water rotation schedules (Wasserrodordnungen) for the communities of Grins and Quadratsch from 1646 and 1688. These documents list specific farmers and their allotted hours (stund) and days for using communal water sources like the Gewin-wasser and Falswall. The 1646 ordinance includes a weekly table and rules for maintaining the water channels (teichl) and springs, while the 1688 document focuses on the Falswall distribution. [Ordinance of the Community of Tobadill: Entry Fees and Chaplaincy (1751)]: The 1751 community ordinance for Tobadill establishes a system of entry fees (Einkauffgelt) and residency taxes (Hintersaßgelt) to support the local chaplaincy and the church of St. Magnus. Fees are tiered based on the wealth (claß) of the individual, ranging from 6 to 12 florins. It also regulates fees for marriage into the community and residency without property. The document concludes with a list of community members who ratified the agreement and a mention of a significant endowment by Severin Pfisterer. [VII. Zehent Ralsberg: Water and Community Ordinances (1700–1768)]: This section covers the Ralsberg tithe district, specifically Unterweg and Flirsch. It includes a 1700 fountain ordinance (Brunnenordnung) for Unterweg detailing the maintenance and shared use of the Spin spring. The 1768 Flirsch community ordinance provides comprehensive regulations on entry fees, livestock purchasing limits, seasonal grazing schedules (Atzungsordnung), forest protection (Bannwald), and fire safety. It also mentions the 'Stiergelieger' (bull pasture) and the role of the village bailiff (Dorfvogt) as a pander (Pfenter). [VIII. Zehenten Pettneu und Stanzertal: Village Law of St. Jakob (pre-1560)]: A comprehensive village ordinance (Dorffrecht) for St. Jakob in Stanzertal, confirmed by Lord Leonhard Gienger. It defines the duties of the village bailiff (Dorfvogt), including tax collection and maintaining communal breeding animals (boars). The law mandates participation in communal herding, regulates seasonal movement to alpine pastures (Alpfahrt), and establishes strict rules for fire safety and the maintenance of 'Bannlucken' (gates/passages). It also includes provisions for forest protection and the prevention of damage to the main road by irrigation water. [Community Ordinance of Pettneu (1560–1570)]: The 1560 Pettneu ordinance, adapted from the St. Jakob model to fit local topography. It regulates grazing on Vadisen and Strosack, defines the roles of communal cowherds, and lists fifteen specific 'Bannlucken' (gates) and three 'Bannhölzer' (protected forests) like Galrintal and the area under the Roter Schrofen. It includes a 1570 amendment prohibiting the admission of outsiders or the building of new homesteads without community consent, a point initially contested by Jacob Sieß. [Updated Pettneu Village Ordinance (1708)]: A 1708 revision of the Pettneu ordinance aimed at curbing abuses such as illegal forest clearing and overgrazing. It strictly prohibits mowing in communal areas, regulates 'Streubräuchen' (gathering litter), and sets fines for unauthorized logging in protected forests. It introduces a bi-weekly fire inspection (Feuerbeschau) of kitchens and chimneys. Additionally, it standardizes the maintenance of communal dairy equipment (kettles and wooden vessels) across the various alpine dairy units (Sentum). [Stanzertal Transport Monopoly and Arlberg Freight Rights (1721)]: A 1721 resolution by the Stanzertal community to protect their transport rights over the Arlberg pass against competitors from Stuben and Klostertal. The locals claim the right to provide 'Lienknechtdienst' (guide/transport services) for merchants, especially during dangerous winter conditions when outsiders often refuse to travel. The ordinance imposes heavy fines (9 florins) on locals who hire outsiders for these services and restricts the use of communal pastures for the horses of those who violate the monopoly. [IX. KAISERS: History and Introduction to the Community Ordinances]: This section provides a historical overview of the community of Kaisers in the Upper Lech Valley, noting its incorporation into the Landeck court and its historical transition from the Staufers to Meinhard II. It introduces the community ordinances of 1737 and 1738. [Community Ordinance of Kaisers (1737 Version)]: The 1737 version of the Kaisers community ordinance, established for the parish of Holzgau. It details the request by community representatives Franz Falger and Blasy Hueber to formalize pasture and community rules, including a list of participating neighbors and the official attestation by Thomas Stöckhl in Petneu. [Community Ordinance of Kaisers (1738 Version)]: The 1738 revision of the community ordinance, prompted by internal disagreements and claims of lack of consensus regarding the 1737 version. It lists the participating neighbors who agreed to the new points to avoid further costs and conflict, concluding with signatures and house marks from the meeting at Waasen. [Comparative Articles: Entry Fees, Labor, and Pasture Rights]: A comparative presentation of specific articles from the 1737 (A) and 1738 (B) ordinances. Topics include entry fees for new residents (Einkauf- und Hintertsafßgeld), mandatory community labor for maintaining paths and fences (Gemeinschaftsarbeiten), and strict regulations for grazing cattle and steers in specific alpine basins (Karen). [Comparative Articles: Grazing Schedules and Livestock Restrictions]: Detailed regulations regarding dairy cow pastures (Altmöz, Poden, Wahl, Khienberg) and the collective timing for driving cattle to pasture (Aufschlag). A critical rule is established that only livestock overwintered by the owner may use the community pasture, intended to prevent fraud and overgrazing. [Comparative Articles: Small Livestock, Mowing Prohibitions, and Hay Imports]: Regulations for sheep and goat grazing, including specific seasonal locations and dates (e.g., St. Vitus Day). It includes a strict prohibition on individual mowing or gathering fodder on communal pastures while cattle are grazing, and restrictions on grazing rights for those who purchase hay from outside the community. [Governance, Enforcement, and Historical Continuity]: The final articles define the enforcement mechanism for the ordinance, including the appointment of community overseers (Gemainsmänner/Dorffvogt) and penalties for partiality. It mandates attendance at community meetings and reaffirms the validity of the older 1640 ordinance, ensuring legal continuity. [Almabteilung des Zweiteilgerichts: Historical Overview]: This section provides a historical overview of the communal alpine pasture management (Almabteilung) in the Zweiteilgericht of the Stanzertal. It explains how the region maintained economic unity and a cooperative character under official supervision from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Key historical shifts are discussed, including the 1777 separation of the Paznaun district from the communal association and the evolving legal definition of property rights—moving from lordship-owned 'Gemain' to collective ownership by the seven 'Zehenten' (tithe districts). [Hauptteilung 1642: Regulations and Pasture Allocation]: A detailed protocol of the 1642 alpine pasture division (Hauptteilung). It outlines the distribution of 'Hirtschaften' (pasture units) among various districts and establishes strict rules for different types of livestock, including oxen, calves, horses, and goats. The document includes specific boundary descriptions for the Paznaun district and mentions the rights of the local lords (Schloss Landeck and Wiesberg) to graze their own livestock within the communal system. [Hauptteilung 1667: Collective Ownership and Environmental Rules]: The 1667 pasture division protocol emphasizes the collective nature of the pastures, explicitly stating that no individual has private ownership. Beyond allocation, this agreement introduces specific environmental and management rules, such as prohibitions on unauthorized woodcutting (Schwenten), regulations for sheep grazing to prevent overgrazing of ox pastures, and resting periods for livestock during long drives to high altitudes. [Hauptteilung 1747: Refined Allocation and Lottery System]: This section details the 1747 division, which utilized a lottery system to ensure fairness among the districts. Pastures were classified into three groups (classes) of roughly equal value. The protocol records the specific number of 'Hirtschaften' assigned to each district and includes updated regulations on livestock health (quarantine measures) and the maintenance of boundary fences. [Hauptteilung 1777: Separation of Paznaun and Detailed Boundary Surveys]: The 1777 division marks a major legal shift as the Zehend Paznaun officially separated from the communal pasture association, receiving specific pastures as permanent property. The protocol includes an extensive 'Relation over the Alms,' providing detailed topographical descriptions and boundary markers (marchsteine) for numerous pastures like Verwäll, Thanun, and Allmejur, based on on-site inspections by appointed visitors. [Nachteilungen 1778: Secondary Agreements Between Districts]: This final section contains the 'Nachteilungen' (secondary divisions) of 1778, where paired districts (e.g., Stanz and Pettneu, Grins and Ralsberg) further divided the pasture groups they had collectively won in the 1777 lottery. These agreements establish 15-year or 10-year rotation cycles, maintenance duties for alpine huts (theien), and financial compensation for districts receiving lower-quality pasture units. [Election of the Caretaker (Pfleger) of Landeck 1715]: This section details the historical context and the specific protocol for the election of the Pfleger (caretaker/administrator) of Landeck in 1715. It describes a privilege granted by Emperor Joseph I following the 1703 defense against French-Bavarian forces, allowing local representatives to propose three candidates. The text lists the voting representatives from various districts (Zams, Fließ, Stanz, etc.) and the final tally of votes for the candidates, resulting in the nomination of Abraham Stöckhl, Martin Jaiß, and Johann Linser. [Tax Ordinance and Fee Schedule for Landeck 1716]: An extract from the 1716 tax ordinance for the district of Landeck, specifically for the community of Pettneu. It outlines the fees (sportulen) for various legal and administrative acts, including court sessions, travel costs for officials, probate matters (wills, inventories, partitions), and clerical services such as writing and sealing documents on parchment or paper. It also specifies the compensation for court servants (Gerichtsdienner) for citations and arrests. [Historical Geography and Jurisdictional History of Court Laudeck]: A historical overview of the Court of Laudeck, which comprised Prutz, Kaunertal, and Serfaus. It traces the lineage of ownership from the Welfs and Staufers to the Counts of Tyrol. The text describes the administrative division into three 'thirds' (Ebner, Kauner, and Perger) and mentions the early judicial assemblies (taiding) held in Prutz. It provides context for the subsequent legal documents regarding alpine grazing rights. [Alpine Grazing Rights and Partition Agreement 1470]: A legal document from 1470 settling a dispute between the 'Ebner' and 'Kauner' thirds of the Laudeck district regarding alpine pastures. The Pfleger Hanns Voyt mediates a permanent division of specific alps (Valpeyl, Aslad, Gepätsch, etc.) among the villages of Prutz, Ried, Tösens, Fendels, and Kauns. It establishes rules for usage, seasonal access, and penalties for non-compliance, emphasizing the preservation of traditional rights. [Pasture and Grazing Ordinance 1804]: A detailed 1804 ordinance regulating communal grazing for sheep and cattle in the 'Zweidrittelgebirg' (Two-Thirds Mountain). It mandates that animals must be overwintered by the owner to be eligible for communal grazing, sets rules for herding, prohibits private grazing on common lands, and establishes a system of fines and inspections. It also includes specific provisions for the sale and exchange of livestock and the payment of grazing fees (Graßgeld). [Village Ordinance of Prutz 1789]: The 1789 village ordinance of Prutz, reconstructed after the original was lost in a fire in 1788. It details the governance structure, including the election of the Dorfvogt (village bailiff) and the 'Sechser' (council of six). The ordinance covers a wide range of communal life: fire prevention measures, forest management, maintenance of irrigation channels (Waal), grazing rules, and the duties of night watchmen and fountain masters. It also includes 19th-century updates regarding bull keeping and water pollution. [Irrigation Rotation Ordinances of Tösens (15th Century & 1555)]: This section contains two historical irrigation rotation schedules (Wasserrodordnungen) for Tösens. The first, dating from the first half of the 15th century, lists specific meadows and their allocated watering days. The second, dated 1555, provides an updated and more detailed list of water rights for various fields (Stainnachwall, Mytterwall, etc.) and owners. Both documents establish strict rules for water usage, maintenance of the channels, and penalties for 'stealing' water or failing to maintain the infrastructure. [Village Ordinance of Tösens 1674]: The 1674 village ordinance for Tösens, as certified in 1719. It regulates the election of village officials, fees for new residents (Einzugsgeld), mandatory participation in communal labor, and the collection of taxes and church tithes. It also includes specific agricultural regulations regarding grazing periods, livestock damage, and the maintenance of fences and irrigation gates. The ordinance concludes with the requirement for the bailiff to provide an annual financial report. [II. Kauner Drittel: Old Ehehaft Articles]: This section discusses the historical legal extracts (Ehehaft) for the Kauner Drittel, specifically focusing on articles from 1548 and 1624. It details feudal obligations such as the delivery of sheep (hörschaft) on St. George's Day, the regulation of water, forests, and hunting (wildpan), and the specific geographic boundaries of Kauner rights extending to the Tauferjoch. [The Kauner Hirschenzaun (1515/17)]: A detailed transcription of the 'Hirschenzaun' (deer fence) records from 1515-1517. It lists numerous local landowners and their specific land holdings measured in 'müttmel' and 'metzenland', detailing their responsibilities for maintaining sections of the communal fence near Kauns. [Extract from the Kauns Village Ordinance of 1624]: An extract from the 1624 Kauns village ordinance listing specific penalties (fines in Berner pounds or Kreuzer) for various infractions. Regulations cover fence maintenance, gate closing, mowing times for meadows (ögarten), irrigation rights, communal herding, and fire safety in houses. [Pasture Rights Agreement at Kaunerberg (1613)]: A comprehensive legal settlement from 1613 resolving a dispute between the residents of the village of Kauns and the inhabitants of Kaunerberg regarding grazing rights. It defines specific seasonal access to pastures (Aucht, Rufnell), limits on livestock numbers, and the rights of specific farmsteads like Grinich and St. Martinspach. [Entry Fees in the Kauner Drittel (1629)]: A 1629 agreement regulating the 'Einkaufgeld' (entry or residency fees) for newcomers in the Kauner Drittel. It establishes financial requirements for foreigners and locals moving between districts to prevent unauthorized settlement and ensures that newcomers contribute to communal taxes and labor. Fees are split between the local church, the sovereign, and the community. [Stole Fees in the Kauns Curacy (1679)]: A settlement from 1679 between the curate of Kauns and the local communities regarding 'Stolgebühren' (fees for religious services). It lists standardized costs for weddings, funerals, baptisms, and the administration of sacraments, while also noting the curate's rights to firewood and grazing support. [Kauns Village Ordinance Amendments (1739)]: A set of communal resolutions from 1739 for Kauns. It establishes wage rates for communal labor (men, boys, women), duties of the village head (Dorfvogt), management of the fire pond (Feuerweiher), rewards for killing pests (crows, sparrows), and the security of the village archive using a three-key chest system. [III. Perger Drittel: Fiss Village Ordinance (1757)]: The 1757 renewed village ordinance for Fiss. This extensive document regulates daily life, including curfew/work-end times (Feierabend), strict rules on livestock grazing and wintering, requirements for communal labor, agricultural timelines for harvesting, forest protection, and the duties of village officials (Dorfvogt, Sexer). It includes specific provisions for fire safety and the prohibition of unauthorized marriages without sufficient means. [Addendum to the Village Ordinance of Fiss]: This short addendum to the Fiss village ordinance specifies the entry fees (Einkaufgelt) for new community members based on family size and wealth, as well as annual residency fees (Sizgelt). [Revised Village Ordinance of Fiss (1792)]: A comprehensive revised village ordinance for Fiss from 1792. It covers grazing regulations (Weideordnung), protection against infected livestock, meadow mowing rights (Mahd), field cultivation (Feldbau), social conduct, forest management, fire safety, water rights, and the compensation of village officials. It includes a list of community members who signed the document. [Meadow and Grazing Ordinance of Serfaus (1778)]: The 1778 ordinance for Serfaus established by the caretaker and judge of Laudegg to resolve disputes over grazing and alpine pasture usage. It defines requirements for overwintering livestock (reverendo vich), grazing fees (Graßgelt), rules for purchasing and selling cattle, and the obligation to use communal herders. [History and Ecclesiastical Contract of Pfunds (1527)]: An introduction to the history of the Hofmark Pfunds followed by a 1527 contract between the community and their priest, Sigmund Prunner. The contract outlines the priest's duties regarding mass, sacraments, and preaching, as well as his compensation through tithes, fees for confessions, and funeral services, reflecting the influence of the Protestant Reformation. [Village Law and Ordinance of Pfunds (1530)]: A very detailed village ordinance for Pfunds from 1530. It covers the appointment of village officials, maintenance of the main road, communal labor, and extensive regulations for water rights and irrigation (Waal). It also dictates agricultural practices for grain and meadows, grazing rules (Pofel), alpine pasture management, forestry protection, fire prevention, and regulations for specific trades like millers, butchers, and weavers. It includes provisions for the poor and the adoption of the long Innsbruck cubit as a standard measure. [Drainage of the Meadows at Brunnen (1530)]: A record of the community decision in Pfunds to drain the meadows at Brunnen to protect the road and private property. It describes the construction of a drainage channel to the Inn river and the cost-sharing agreement between the community and affected landowners, including maintenance obligations. [Register of Rents and Ground Dues in Pfunds (1530)]: A detailed register of annual rents (Reuttgelt) and ground dues owed to the community of Pfunds as of 1530. It lists specific properties, their owners, and the amount due in Perner or Kreutzer. It includes special cases such as the rent for the bathhouse and the obligation of certain tenants to provide services like lending a boar for breeding. [Enforcement of Village Law and Fines (Pfunds)]: This section details the procedural rules for enforcing village ordinances and collecting fines in Pfunds. It outlines the authority of the village bailiff (Dorfvogt) to seize property (Pfändung) if a resident refuses punishment, the rights of the accused to a legal hearing before a panel of nine jurors, and the evidentiary standards where the bailiff's word is given weight unless the accused can provide sufficient counter-proof. It also covers the process for public summons and the finality of the court's judgment. [Hunting Ordinance of 1571]: A formal hunting ordinance issued in 1571 to address the depletion of wildlife, specifically chamois and game birds. It establishes a closed season from March until St. James's Day (July 25th) to protect young animals and nesting birds, while exempting small birds and pigeons. The text specifies fines for violations, the distribution of confiscated game to officials, and strict price controls for meat and skins sold within the community to prevent profiteering by hunters. [Settlement and Residency Ordinance of 1615]: This 1615 ordinance addresses the influx of new residents through marriage or relocation. It mandates that anyone wishing to settle and enjoy community resources must pay an entry fee (Einkaufgelt) ranging from 10 to 30 guilders, depending on their means. The funds are designated for local churches. It emphasizes that new residents must remain obedient to the authorities and participate in communal labor, with the threat of expulsion for disobedience. [Tax and Fee Ordinance of 1709]: A comprehensive schedule of judicial and administrative fees (Taxordnung) issued under Emperor Joseph I. It details the salary and perquisites of the judge and court clerk, followed by a specific price list for legal services such as drafting contracts, wills, inventories, and marriage settlements. The second half contains an 'opinion' section resolving 17 specific 'doubtful cases' regarding how to calculate fees for complex inheritance matters, multiple-day court sessions, and travel expenses. [Transport and Relay Ordinance (Lienn- oder Vorspännordnung) of 1749]: This ordinance regulates the 'Lienn' or 'Vorspann' system, a mandatory relay service where local farmers provided draft animals (horses or oxen) for transport through difficult terrain like the Finstermünz pass. It establishes a strict rotation (Rod), sets fixed wages for different routes (e.g., to Pruz or Finstermünz), and mandates the maintenance of healthy animals. It also includes provisions for a communal religious service on New Year's Day to protect the participants and their livestock. [Forest and Sawmill Ordinance of 1798]: A detailed environmental and economic regulation concerning forest management and sawmill operations. It designates specific 'Bannwälder' (protected forests) for different hamlets to prevent erosion and ensure timber for construction. It sets a tariff for fines and damages for unauthorized woodcutting, grazing, or fire-starting. The final section (Sagschneiderordnung) regulates the local sawmill, establishing quality standards for cutting and a fixed price list (Tariffe) based on the thickness and length of the timber.
This segment contains the title pages, publication metadata, and a detailed table of contents for the 20th volume of the Austrian Weistümer series, specifically focusing on the legal customs (Weistümer) of the Oberinntal region in Tyrol, covering the courts of Imst, Landeck, Laudeck, and Pfunds.
Read full textA historical overview of the Court of Imst, tracing its origins from the 12th-century Welfish possessions through Staufian ownership to the administrative reorganization under Meinhard II in the late 13th century. It details the geographical extent and the shifting jurisdictions of the Hofmark Imst and the valleys of Gurgltal and Pitztal.
Read full textThe 1524 market proclamation for Imst, including later 16th-century additions. It outlines strict regulations for the three-day free market, covering weights and measures, specific locations for goods (livestock, lard, flour), bans on gambling and carrying weapons, and rules for foreign merchants and lodging.
Read full textTwo legal agreements involving the community of Tarrenz. The first (1544) is a ten-year grazing contract with Haiming for the Greitlehn pasture on the Tschirgant mountain. The second (1548) is a settlement between Tarrenz and Imst regarding shared usage and timing of the Rudwig alpine pasture.
Read full textA 1683 community decree from Tarrenz aimed at limiting immigration to prevent overpopulation and the depletion of communal resources. It establishes financial requirements for new residents (300 fl. for men, 150 fl. for women) and entry fees, while also addressing the rights of returning former residents.
Read full textA comprehensive 1667 village ordinance for Nassereith and Dormitz. It covers administrative duties of community leaders, agricultural regulations (fencing, damage prevention), fire safety, alpine pasture rules, and detailed transport regulations (Vorspannordnung) for the Fern Pass and Roßbach, including salt transport and immigration controls.
Read full textThis section provides a historical overview of the Pitztal valley, detailing its transition from the rule of Emperor Frederick II to the Counts of Tyrol. It discusses the administrative and legal autonomy of the valley, including its unique court system (dingstuel) and historical tax disputes between the Upper and Lower parishes.
Read full textA detailed legal agreement from 1561 resolving a tax dispute between the Lower Parish (Arzl and surrounding villages) and the Upper Parish (Wenns and surrounding villages). It establishes how the two communities will independently manage and pay their shares of the district taxes (gerichtssteurn) and land taxes (lantsteurn) while maintaining mutual financial obligations regarding specific estates like the Thurn and Stainhauß.
Read full textA comprehensive collection of the customary laws (Ehehaft) for the community of Wald in the Pitztal, dating back to approximately 1500. It covers judicial jurisdiction, the election and duties of the village bailiff (Dorfvogt), weights and measures, debt collection, boundary definitions (Gemerck), maintenance of roads and bridges, and specific regulations for communal forests, alpine pastures (Taschach), and hunting rights.
Read full textThis segment concludes the customary laws of Wald regarding hunting and wood-cutting before transitioning to a 1648 ordinance aimed at reorganizing the tax system in the parish of Arzl. The reform addresses administrative confusion and ensures the proper collection of ordinary and extraordinary taxes across the four quarters of the parish (Arzl, Wald, Ried/Leins, and Asten/Timmels), including provisions for militia funding.
Read full textA formal legal ratification by the district administrator Andreas Störzinger regarding a communal resolution for the Taschach alpine pasture. The decree aims to prevent overgrazing by imposing heavy fines on community members who bring in 'foreign' livestock (horses, cattle, or sheep) from outside the parish for private profit, thereby protecting the communal resource for the local residents of Arzl and Pitztal.
Read full textThis section introduces the judicial reforms in the Upper Parish of Wenns during the transition to the early modern absolutist state. It discusses how traditional customs were replaced by a new judicial order (Gerichtsordnung) under Gerichtsherr Georg Fueger to align with the Tyrolean provincial ordinances, while ostensibly protecting widows and orphans.
Read full textA detailed judicial ordinance from 1560 defining the relationship between the local village bailiff (Dorfvogt) of Wenns and the central authority in Imst. It outlines the limits of local jurisdiction in matters of inheritance, guardianship, and minor disputes, ensuring that significant legal actions remain under the supervision of the provincial judge or pfleger.
Read full textThis segment details a 1651 ordinance aimed at resolving a severe financial crisis and tax confusion in the parish of Wenns caused by war and plague. It establishes a clear separation of tax burdens between the districts of Wenns, Sonnenberg, and Jerznerberg, and sets a 30-year framework for debt repayment and future tax assessments.
Read full textA legal settlement from 1628 resolving a conflict between the communities of Wald and Wenns regarding cattle driving rights (Viehtrieb) and alpine pasture usage. The court defines specific limits on the number of cattle allowed to pass through certain meadows and reaffirms previous treaties to maintain neighborly peace.
Read full textA 1674 decree regulating the number of horses allowed on communal pastures in Wenns and Sonnenberg. The measure was intended to prevent local traders from overstocking pastures with horses destined for the Italian market, which disadvantaged local cattle farmers. It links grazing rights to the amount of tax paid by the resident.
Read full textA comprehensive 1554 ordinance for the Jerzens alpine pastures (Alm Tonß). It defines precise geographic boundaries using marked stones (crosses), regulates the employment of shepherds and dairymaids (Sennin), and establishes rules for the use of communal equipment like the mountain kettle (Bergkössl). It also details the rights of specific farms like Gistlwies and Niederhof.
Read full textAn analytical historical overview of the formation of the Court of Landeck and the 'Upper Centene' (obere Centene). It traces the territory's evolution from the Carolingian era through its transfer to the Church of Regensburg and the subsequent influence of the Welf and Tarasp dynasties. It explains the strategic importance of the region as a bridge between Swabia and the Engadin.
Read full textThis segment details the historical emergence of the community of Zams from the Meierhof of Imst and its eventual administrative transfer to the court of Landeck under Meinhard II. It introduces the 1517 community ordinance, which outlines regulations for land use, including specific provisions for grazing rights (azung), fencing (wildzeun), and the protection of orchards (baumgarten) across various local districts like Neureut and Patscheid.
Read full textA detailed continuation of the 1517 ordinance focusing on specific land management rules. It covers grazing schedules for Neureut and Patscheid, sheep-holding restrictions, the maintenance of 'wild fences' in the Great Field, and the legal process for livestock impoundment (pfandung) by the saltner. It also establishes the specific rights of the local priest and the allocation of individual orchards (Baumgarten) to specific households in Zams.
Read full textThis section contains the formal closing of the 1517 agreement, including the invocation of the judge of Landeck, Hans Jenwein. It is followed by a 1580 decree regarding the utilization of the floodplains (Auen) beyond the Zams bridge, authorized by Leonhardt Giennger. The decree specifies that these lands are for hay and grazing rather than cultivation, with specific seasonal protections.
Read full textA comprehensive 1728 ordinance addressing the influx of 'foreigners' and non-propertied residents in Zams. The community argues that new arrivals strain communal resources like wells, roads, and military obligations without contributing. The ordinance establishes a high entry fee (100 gulden) for new citizens and annual residency fees (Inwohnergelt) for others, listing specific individuals and their required payments to the communal treasury.
Read full textThis ordinance regulates the timing of grazing in the Patscheid and Fonaiß areas to prevent overgrazing. Crucially, it also reforms the management of village wells. While the communal treasury (cassa) pays for the main water lines, individual residents or groups are responsible for the maintenance of specific well-troughs and pipes they use. It also mandates a central main well for winter use and prohibits the washing of 'impurities' in the wells.
Read full textThis document addresses a labor shortage in the remote alpine area of Madau. The tenants of certain alpine meadows (pergmöder) were traditionally obligated to assist herders during snowstorms in exchange for grazing rights. As many tenants moved to the Lech valley, they neglected these duties. The 1754 ordinance establishes a strict rotating schedule among five specific families to ensure herders always have help during dangerous weather.
Read full textThis section introduces the economic importance of the transport trade (Fuhrwesen) in Zams, particularly for salt and merchant goods. It presents the local 'Rodordnung' from the early 16th century, which governed the rotation of freight duties among local carters. The rules ensure that merchant goods are moved efficiently, set penalties for carters who refuse their turn, and prohibit 'jumping the queue' or taking goods from outside the designated system.
Read full textA formal state ordinance issued by Archduke Ferdinand II to address complaints from merchants about slow and poorly managed transport in Zams. It mandates a minimum of 12 transport wagons, establishes strict rules for the 'Pieter' (dispatcher), and sets fixed freight rates (fuerlon) for routes to Prutz and Imst. It also requires the community to maintain a secure, fire-proof warehouse (Palhaus) and a certified scale (Wag) to protect merchant goods from theft and weather damage.
Read full textThis section provides a historical overview of the Hofmark Fließ, tracing its boundaries from Landeck to the Pontlatzer Inn-Klamm. It details the ownership history from the 11th-century Herrschaft Tarasp through its transfer to the Church of Chur and eventually to the Counts of Tyrol (Albert and Meinhard II) in the 13th century.
Read full textAn analysis of the legal structures in Fließ, focusing on the 'Ehehaft' (periodic court assembly) and village rights. It notes that the oldest laws were derived from Zams and served as a confirmation of freedoms for the peasantry. It documents various renewals of village ordinances between 1519 and 1801, including regulations on grain sales and residency.
Read full textA detailed transcription of the 'Schrankenbrief' from 1658 for Fließ. This document regulates water management, irrigation channels (Waal), and boundary markers (Schwöll) throughout the village and surrounding lands like Ponholz. It lists specific property owners and the penalties for unauthorized wood transport or water diversion.
Read full textThe 1767 village ordinance for Hochgallmigg. It defines the roles of local officials (Fierer/Villmer), procedures for communal decision-making, rules for maintaining public paths, and regulations for livestock grazing and alpine farming (Albfahrt). It also covers the protection of the 'Bannwald' (protected forest), church maintenance responsibilities, and the allocation of legal costs.
Read full textThis section describes the administrative union of the Stanzertal and Lower Paznauntal into the 'Zweiteilgericht' under Meinhard II. It includes a 1385 court letter issued by Judge Hans Schuppuser regarding communal grazing rights in the 'Kayser' area, emphasizing the rights of the poor and rich to seek refuge for livestock during bad weather.
Read full textA legal confirmation regarding the historical road route through Grins. It documents a 1330 decree by King Heinrich, later confirmed by Duke Leopold III in 1372, mandating that the main road continue through Grins rather than being diverted past Wisberg, granting locals the authority to maintain the path.
Read full textA 1398 transport and labor ordinance (Rodordnung) for the districts of Grins, Pians, and Stanz. Mediated by representatives from Zams, the document establishes rules for freight transport, including the number of draft animals required, seasonal restrictions, and the distribution of fees among the three districts.
Read full textThis section covers the administrative history of the Zehent Stanz (including Perjen, Bruggen, and Perfuchs) and provides the full text of the 1656 Water Ordinance for Perjen. The ordinance regulates the timing of water usage from the Rosanna river, the maintenance of irrigation channels (Waal), and the appointment of a water warden (Wahlhirte).
Read full textThis section details the tithe districts of Grins and Pians, including a 1646 legal settlement between the communities of Grins, Gmar, and Quadratsch. It addresses disputes over grazing rights for sheep and cattle, and establishes a strict 'Wasserrod' (water rotation) system for the Gwinpach stream. The settlement also includes provisions for legal costs and specific injunctions against Wolfgang Wuecherer regarding pasture access and water usage.
Read full textA collection of detailed water rotation schedules (Wasserrodordnungen) for the communities of Grins and Quadratsch from 1646 and 1688. These documents list specific farmers and their allotted hours (stund) and days for using communal water sources like the Gewin-wasser and Falswall. The 1646 ordinance includes a weekly table and rules for maintaining the water channels (teichl) and springs, while the 1688 document focuses on the Falswall distribution.
Read full textThe 1751 community ordinance for Tobadill establishes a system of entry fees (Einkauffgelt) and residency taxes (Hintersaßgelt) to support the local chaplaincy and the church of St. Magnus. Fees are tiered based on the wealth (claß) of the individual, ranging from 6 to 12 florins. It also regulates fees for marriage into the community and residency without property. The document concludes with a list of community members who ratified the agreement and a mention of a significant endowment by Severin Pfisterer.
Read full textThis section covers the Ralsberg tithe district, specifically Unterweg and Flirsch. It includes a 1700 fountain ordinance (Brunnenordnung) for Unterweg detailing the maintenance and shared use of the Spin spring. The 1768 Flirsch community ordinance provides comprehensive regulations on entry fees, livestock purchasing limits, seasonal grazing schedules (Atzungsordnung), forest protection (Bannwald), and fire safety. It also mentions the 'Stiergelieger' (bull pasture) and the role of the village bailiff (Dorfvogt) as a pander (Pfenter).
Read full textA comprehensive village ordinance (Dorffrecht) for St. Jakob in Stanzertal, confirmed by Lord Leonhard Gienger. It defines the duties of the village bailiff (Dorfvogt), including tax collection and maintaining communal breeding animals (boars). The law mandates participation in communal herding, regulates seasonal movement to alpine pastures (Alpfahrt), and establishes strict rules for fire safety and the maintenance of 'Bannlucken' (gates/passages). It also includes provisions for forest protection and the prevention of damage to the main road by irrigation water.
Read full textThe 1560 Pettneu ordinance, adapted from the St. Jakob model to fit local topography. It regulates grazing on Vadisen and Strosack, defines the roles of communal cowherds, and lists fifteen specific 'Bannlucken' (gates) and three 'Bannhölzer' (protected forests) like Galrintal and the area under the Roter Schrofen. It includes a 1570 amendment prohibiting the admission of outsiders or the building of new homesteads without community consent, a point initially contested by Jacob Sieß.
Read full textA 1708 revision of the Pettneu ordinance aimed at curbing abuses such as illegal forest clearing and overgrazing. It strictly prohibits mowing in communal areas, regulates 'Streubräuchen' (gathering litter), and sets fines for unauthorized logging in protected forests. It introduces a bi-weekly fire inspection (Feuerbeschau) of kitchens and chimneys. Additionally, it standardizes the maintenance of communal dairy equipment (kettles and wooden vessels) across the various alpine dairy units (Sentum).
Read full textA 1721 resolution by the Stanzertal community to protect their transport rights over the Arlberg pass against competitors from Stuben and Klostertal. The locals claim the right to provide 'Lienknechtdienst' (guide/transport services) for merchants, especially during dangerous winter conditions when outsiders often refuse to travel. The ordinance imposes heavy fines (9 florins) on locals who hire outsiders for these services and restricts the use of communal pastures for the horses of those who violate the monopoly.
Read full textThis section provides a historical overview of the community of Kaisers in the Upper Lech Valley, noting its incorporation into the Landeck court and its historical transition from the Staufers to Meinhard II. It introduces the community ordinances of 1737 and 1738.
Read full textThe 1737 version of the Kaisers community ordinance, established for the parish of Holzgau. It details the request by community representatives Franz Falger and Blasy Hueber to formalize pasture and community rules, including a list of participating neighbors and the official attestation by Thomas Stöckhl in Petneu.
Read full textThe 1738 revision of the community ordinance, prompted by internal disagreements and claims of lack of consensus regarding the 1737 version. It lists the participating neighbors who agreed to the new points to avoid further costs and conflict, concluding with signatures and house marks from the meeting at Waasen.
Read full textA comparative presentation of specific articles from the 1737 (A) and 1738 (B) ordinances. Topics include entry fees for new residents (Einkauf- und Hintertsafßgeld), mandatory community labor for maintaining paths and fences (Gemeinschaftsarbeiten), and strict regulations for grazing cattle and steers in specific alpine basins (Karen).
Read full textDetailed regulations regarding dairy cow pastures (Altmöz, Poden, Wahl, Khienberg) and the collective timing for driving cattle to pasture (Aufschlag). A critical rule is established that only livestock overwintered by the owner may use the community pasture, intended to prevent fraud and overgrazing.
Read full textRegulations for sheep and goat grazing, including specific seasonal locations and dates (e.g., St. Vitus Day). It includes a strict prohibition on individual mowing or gathering fodder on communal pastures while cattle are grazing, and restrictions on grazing rights for those who purchase hay from outside the community.
Read full textThe final articles define the enforcement mechanism for the ordinance, including the appointment of community overseers (Gemainsmänner/Dorffvogt) and penalties for partiality. It mandates attendance at community meetings and reaffirms the validity of the older 1640 ordinance, ensuring legal continuity.
Read full textThis section provides a historical overview of the communal alpine pasture management (Almabteilung) in the Zweiteilgericht of the Stanzertal. It explains how the region maintained economic unity and a cooperative character under official supervision from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Key historical shifts are discussed, including the 1777 separation of the Paznaun district from the communal association and the evolving legal definition of property rights—moving from lordship-owned 'Gemain' to collective ownership by the seven 'Zehenten' (tithe districts).
Read full textA detailed protocol of the 1642 alpine pasture division (Hauptteilung). It outlines the distribution of 'Hirtschaften' (pasture units) among various districts and establishes strict rules for different types of livestock, including oxen, calves, horses, and goats. The document includes specific boundary descriptions for the Paznaun district and mentions the rights of the local lords (Schloss Landeck and Wiesberg) to graze their own livestock within the communal system.
Read full textThe 1667 pasture division protocol emphasizes the collective nature of the pastures, explicitly stating that no individual has private ownership. Beyond allocation, this agreement introduces specific environmental and management rules, such as prohibitions on unauthorized woodcutting (Schwenten), regulations for sheep grazing to prevent overgrazing of ox pastures, and resting periods for livestock during long drives to high altitudes.
Read full textThis section details the 1747 division, which utilized a lottery system to ensure fairness among the districts. Pastures were classified into three groups (classes) of roughly equal value. The protocol records the specific number of 'Hirtschaften' assigned to each district and includes updated regulations on livestock health (quarantine measures) and the maintenance of boundary fences.
Read full textThe 1777 division marks a major legal shift as the Zehend Paznaun officially separated from the communal pasture association, receiving specific pastures as permanent property. The protocol includes an extensive 'Relation over the Alms,' providing detailed topographical descriptions and boundary markers (marchsteine) for numerous pastures like Verwäll, Thanun, and Allmejur, based on on-site inspections by appointed visitors.
Read full textThis final section contains the 'Nachteilungen' (secondary divisions) of 1778, where paired districts (e.g., Stanz and Pettneu, Grins and Ralsberg) further divided the pasture groups they had collectively won in the 1777 lottery. These agreements establish 15-year or 10-year rotation cycles, maintenance duties for alpine huts (theien), and financial compensation for districts receiving lower-quality pasture units.
Read full textThis section details the historical context and the specific protocol for the election of the Pfleger (caretaker/administrator) of Landeck in 1715. It describes a privilege granted by Emperor Joseph I following the 1703 defense against French-Bavarian forces, allowing local representatives to propose three candidates. The text lists the voting representatives from various districts (Zams, Fließ, Stanz, etc.) and the final tally of votes for the candidates, resulting in the nomination of Abraham Stöckhl, Martin Jaiß, and Johann Linser.
Read full textAn extract from the 1716 tax ordinance for the district of Landeck, specifically for the community of Pettneu. It outlines the fees (sportulen) for various legal and administrative acts, including court sessions, travel costs for officials, probate matters (wills, inventories, partitions), and clerical services such as writing and sealing documents on parchment or paper. It also specifies the compensation for court servants (Gerichtsdienner) for citations and arrests.
Read full textA historical overview of the Court of Laudeck, which comprised Prutz, Kaunertal, and Serfaus. It traces the lineage of ownership from the Welfs and Staufers to the Counts of Tyrol. The text describes the administrative division into three 'thirds' (Ebner, Kauner, and Perger) and mentions the early judicial assemblies (taiding) held in Prutz. It provides context for the subsequent legal documents regarding alpine grazing rights.
Read full textA legal document from 1470 settling a dispute between the 'Ebner' and 'Kauner' thirds of the Laudeck district regarding alpine pastures. The Pfleger Hanns Voyt mediates a permanent division of specific alps (Valpeyl, Aslad, Gepätsch, etc.) among the villages of Prutz, Ried, Tösens, Fendels, and Kauns. It establishes rules for usage, seasonal access, and penalties for non-compliance, emphasizing the preservation of traditional rights.
Read full textA detailed 1804 ordinance regulating communal grazing for sheep and cattle in the 'Zweidrittelgebirg' (Two-Thirds Mountain). It mandates that animals must be overwintered by the owner to be eligible for communal grazing, sets rules for herding, prohibits private grazing on common lands, and establishes a system of fines and inspections. It also includes specific provisions for the sale and exchange of livestock and the payment of grazing fees (Graßgeld).
Read full textThe 1789 village ordinance of Prutz, reconstructed after the original was lost in a fire in 1788. It details the governance structure, including the election of the Dorfvogt (village bailiff) and the 'Sechser' (council of six). The ordinance covers a wide range of communal life: fire prevention measures, forest management, maintenance of irrigation channels (Waal), grazing rules, and the duties of night watchmen and fountain masters. It also includes 19th-century updates regarding bull keeping and water pollution.
Read full textThis section contains two historical irrigation rotation schedules (Wasserrodordnungen) for Tösens. The first, dating from the first half of the 15th century, lists specific meadows and their allocated watering days. The second, dated 1555, provides an updated and more detailed list of water rights for various fields (Stainnachwall, Mytterwall, etc.) and owners. Both documents establish strict rules for water usage, maintenance of the channels, and penalties for 'stealing' water or failing to maintain the infrastructure.
Read full textThe 1674 village ordinance for Tösens, as certified in 1719. It regulates the election of village officials, fees for new residents (Einzugsgeld), mandatory participation in communal labor, and the collection of taxes and church tithes. It also includes specific agricultural regulations regarding grazing periods, livestock damage, and the maintenance of fences and irrigation gates. The ordinance concludes with the requirement for the bailiff to provide an annual financial report.
Read full textThis section discusses the historical legal extracts (Ehehaft) for the Kauner Drittel, specifically focusing on articles from 1548 and 1624. It details feudal obligations such as the delivery of sheep (hörschaft) on St. George's Day, the regulation of water, forests, and hunting (wildpan), and the specific geographic boundaries of Kauner rights extending to the Tauferjoch.
Read full textA detailed transcription of the 'Hirschenzaun' (deer fence) records from 1515-1517. It lists numerous local landowners and their specific land holdings measured in 'müttmel' and 'metzenland', detailing their responsibilities for maintaining sections of the communal fence near Kauns.
Read full textAn extract from the 1624 Kauns village ordinance listing specific penalties (fines in Berner pounds or Kreuzer) for various infractions. Regulations cover fence maintenance, gate closing, mowing times for meadows (ögarten), irrigation rights, communal herding, and fire safety in houses.
Read full textA comprehensive legal settlement from 1613 resolving a dispute between the residents of the village of Kauns and the inhabitants of Kaunerberg regarding grazing rights. It defines specific seasonal access to pastures (Aucht, Rufnell), limits on livestock numbers, and the rights of specific farmsteads like Grinich and St. Martinspach.
Read full textA 1629 agreement regulating the 'Einkaufgeld' (entry or residency fees) for newcomers in the Kauner Drittel. It establishes financial requirements for foreigners and locals moving between districts to prevent unauthorized settlement and ensures that newcomers contribute to communal taxes and labor. Fees are split between the local church, the sovereign, and the community.
Read full textA settlement from 1679 between the curate of Kauns and the local communities regarding 'Stolgebühren' (fees for religious services). It lists standardized costs for weddings, funerals, baptisms, and the administration of sacraments, while also noting the curate's rights to firewood and grazing support.
Read full textA set of communal resolutions from 1739 for Kauns. It establishes wage rates for communal labor (men, boys, women), duties of the village head (Dorfvogt), management of the fire pond (Feuerweiher), rewards for killing pests (crows, sparrows), and the security of the village archive using a three-key chest system.
Read full textThe 1757 renewed village ordinance for Fiss. This extensive document regulates daily life, including curfew/work-end times (Feierabend), strict rules on livestock grazing and wintering, requirements for communal labor, agricultural timelines for harvesting, forest protection, and the duties of village officials (Dorfvogt, Sexer). It includes specific provisions for fire safety and the prohibition of unauthorized marriages without sufficient means.
Read full textThis short addendum to the Fiss village ordinance specifies the entry fees (Einkaufgelt) for new community members based on family size and wealth, as well as annual residency fees (Sizgelt).
Read full textA comprehensive revised village ordinance for Fiss from 1792. It covers grazing regulations (Weideordnung), protection against infected livestock, meadow mowing rights (Mahd), field cultivation (Feldbau), social conduct, forest management, fire safety, water rights, and the compensation of village officials. It includes a list of community members who signed the document.
Read full textThe 1778 ordinance for Serfaus established by the caretaker and judge of Laudegg to resolve disputes over grazing and alpine pasture usage. It defines requirements for overwintering livestock (reverendo vich), grazing fees (Graßgelt), rules for purchasing and selling cattle, and the obligation to use communal herders.
Read full textAn introduction to the history of the Hofmark Pfunds followed by a 1527 contract between the community and their priest, Sigmund Prunner. The contract outlines the priest's duties regarding mass, sacraments, and preaching, as well as his compensation through tithes, fees for confessions, and funeral services, reflecting the influence of the Protestant Reformation.
Read full textA very detailed village ordinance for Pfunds from 1530. It covers the appointment of village officials, maintenance of the main road, communal labor, and extensive regulations for water rights and irrigation (Waal). It also dictates agricultural practices for grain and meadows, grazing rules (Pofel), alpine pasture management, forestry protection, fire prevention, and regulations for specific trades like millers, butchers, and weavers. It includes provisions for the poor and the adoption of the long Innsbruck cubit as a standard measure.
Read full textA record of the community decision in Pfunds to drain the meadows at Brunnen to protect the road and private property. It describes the construction of a drainage channel to the Inn river and the cost-sharing agreement between the community and affected landowners, including maintenance obligations.
Read full textA detailed register of annual rents (Reuttgelt) and ground dues owed to the community of Pfunds as of 1530. It lists specific properties, their owners, and the amount due in Perner or Kreutzer. It includes special cases such as the rent for the bathhouse and the obligation of certain tenants to provide services like lending a boar for breeding.
Read full textThis section details the procedural rules for enforcing village ordinances and collecting fines in Pfunds. It outlines the authority of the village bailiff (Dorfvogt) to seize property (Pfändung) if a resident refuses punishment, the rights of the accused to a legal hearing before a panel of nine jurors, and the evidentiary standards where the bailiff's word is given weight unless the accused can provide sufficient counter-proof. It also covers the process for public summons and the finality of the court's judgment.
Read full textA formal hunting ordinance issued in 1571 to address the depletion of wildlife, specifically chamois and game birds. It establishes a closed season from March until St. James's Day (July 25th) to protect young animals and nesting birds, while exempting small birds and pigeons. The text specifies fines for violations, the distribution of confiscated game to officials, and strict price controls for meat and skins sold within the community to prevent profiteering by hunters.
Read full textThis 1615 ordinance addresses the influx of new residents through marriage or relocation. It mandates that anyone wishing to settle and enjoy community resources must pay an entry fee (Einkaufgelt) ranging from 10 to 30 guilders, depending on their means. The funds are designated for local churches. It emphasizes that new residents must remain obedient to the authorities and participate in communal labor, with the threat of expulsion for disobedience.
Read full textA comprehensive schedule of judicial and administrative fees (Taxordnung) issued under Emperor Joseph I. It details the salary and perquisites of the judge and court clerk, followed by a specific price list for legal services such as drafting contracts, wills, inventories, and marriage settlements. The second half contains an 'opinion' section resolving 17 specific 'doubtful cases' regarding how to calculate fees for complex inheritance matters, multiple-day court sessions, and travel expenses.
Read full textThis ordinance regulates the 'Lienn' or 'Vorspann' system, a mandatory relay service where local farmers provided draft animals (horses or oxen) for transport through difficult terrain like the Finstermünz pass. It establishes a strict rotation (Rod), sets fixed wages for different routes (e.g., to Pruz or Finstermünz), and mandates the maintenance of healthy animals. It also includes provisions for a communal religious service on New Year's Day to protect the participants and their livestock.
Read full textA detailed environmental and economic regulation concerning forest management and sawmill operations. It designates specific 'Bannwälder' (protected forests) for different hamlets to prevent erosion and ensure timber for construction. It sets a tariff for fines and damages for unauthorized woodcutting, grazing, or fire-starting. The final section (Sagschneiderordnung) regulates the local sawmill, establishing quality standards for cutting and a fixed price list (Tariffe) based on the thickness and length of the timber.
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