Die Verkehrsmittel in Volks- und Staatswirtschaft zweiter Band: Land- und Wasserstraßen - Post, Telegraph, Telephon

Name: Die Verkehrsmittel in Volks- und Staatswirtschaft zweiter Band: Land- und Wasserstraßen - Post, Telegraph, Telephon
Author: Sax

1920

by Sax

Emil SaxInfrastructureInflationProduction CostsBureaucracyJohann Heinrich von ThunenEconomies of ScaleDivision of LaborImperialismInternational TradeProtectionismEconomic HistorySubsidiesTrade PolicyPublic FinancePublic GoodsAdam SmithDeficit SpendingGround RentAgricultureTaxationCapitalismInterventionismCustoms UnionLeague of NationsWorld War IFederalismGemeinwirtschaftSovereigntyTreaty of VersaillesRaw MaterialsCompetitionWilhelm RoscherBusiness CyclesEconomic CrisisCapital IntensityFixed CapitalInnovationInterest RatesCapital TheoryAccountingTrade UnionsPrice TheoryWalter EuckenWilliam PettyMercantilismMonopolyPrice FormationCartelsMarket StructureNationalizationWagesDepreciationFeudalismPhysiocracyAnne-Robert-Jacques TurgotNapoleon BonaparteFrench RevolutionMax WeberFriedrich ListKarl KniesSpeculationLorenz von SteinHerbert SpencerJohn Stuart MillManchester SchoolProfit and LossElasticity of DemandMethodologyExchange RatesMonetary Theory

Table of Contents · 270 segments

Front Matter and Publication Detailsessay

Preface to the Second Volumeessay

Table of Contents and Opening Heading for Land and Water Roadschapter

Economic Organization under Old Land Transportchapter

Influence of Waterwayschapter

Maritime Shippingchapter

Ocean Shipping, Canal Shortcuts, and Sea Fisherieschapter

Transition: Sea Shipping, Railways, and the World-Economic Transformationchapter

Artificial Inland Waterways: Locks, Canalization, and Side Canalschapter

Canal Networks and Their Economic Functionchapter

Traffic Characteristics of Inland Waterways Compared with Roadschapter

Capital intensity and long-distance function of artificial waterwaystheoretical

Technical limits, canal expansion, and pre-railway economic effectstheoretical

Canals versus railways in economic performancetheoretical

Continuation: Cost Comparison, Canal Competition, and Decline of Older Canalstheoretical

Division of Traffic Between Railways and Inland Waterwaystheoretical

Division of Freight Traffic Between Railways and Inland Waterwaystheoretical

Railways, Waterways, and the Economic Limits of Inland Shippingchapter

The Position of Roads in Contemporary Transportchapter

Economic Effects of Motor Vehicles on Road and Rail Transporttheoretical

Administration of Land and Water Roadschapter

Land Roads: Classification, Administrative Jurisdiction, and Financingtheoretical

French Road Legislation and Its Continental Influencechapter

English Road Administration: Parishes, Turnpike Trusts, and Highway Boardschapter

English Road Administration and the Fragmented German-Prussian Road-Law Backgroundchapter

Prussian Road Obligations, Chausseen, and Decentralized Provincial Administrationchapter

Road Categories in Other German States and Baden’s Cost-Sharing Modelchapter

Austrian Road Administration: State Roads, Provincial Autonomy, and Local Road Classeschapter

Financial Principles of Road Administrationtheoretical

Road Fees and Toll Tariffstheoretical

Road toll collection costs and delegated road administrationchapter

Road network formation and standardization of road workschapter

Automobile Traffic and Centralized Road Standardizationtheoretical

Measures for Road Construction, Maintenance, and Financingtheoretical

Road Police and Traffic Safety Regulationtheoretical

Regulation of Bicycle and Motor Vehicle Trafficchapter

Waterways: Administrative Jurisdiction and Financial Principleschapter

Empirical Waterway Fees and Deficits in France, Belgium, and Prussiatheoretical

Why Waterways Are Not Free Public Goods and the Return to Cost Recoverytheoretical

General Foundations of Waterway Fee Assessment and Value Tariffstheoretical

Waterway Fees: General Principles and Basic Navigation Tariffschapter

Navigation Fee Refinements, Ancillary Charges, and Harbor Dueschapter

Harbor Fee Assessment, Ancillary Port Charges, and Critique of the Waterway Fee Principletheoretical

Fragment on the rise of planned waterway developmentchapter

Critique of Peters’s waterway fee principletheoretical

Waterway network planning and artificial connecting linkschapter

Conclusion of the critique of traditional waterway fee theorytheoretical

Normalization and two-tier standards in waterway network constructionchapter

Freycinet program and German standard ship dimensionschapter

Organization of shipping operations and state interventionchapter

Shipping police, maritime safety, and private ship classificationchapter

Maritime Classification Societies and Sea Police Regulationchapter

Police Regulation and Classification of Inland Navigationchapter

Ancillary Administrative Measures Affecting Navigationchapter

Interstate Administration and Reciprocity of Waterway Trafficchapter

Abolition of Water Tolls and Equal Treatment in River Navigationchapter

River Engineering, Commissions, and River Policechapter

Measurement and Inspection of Inland Vesselschapter

International Maritime Safety, Sea Law, and Ship Tonnage Measurementchapter

Freedom of the Seas, Sea Canals, and Anglo-American Powerchapter

The German Reich Waterway Charges Law of 1911 and Federal Competencechapter

Cooperative River Construction Associations and State Financingtheoretical

Constitutional Basis of Waterway Fees and the Public Institutiontheoretical

Waterway Fee Compromises, Reich Takeover, Versailles, and Seaport Transitiontheoretical

World-Economic Seaport Administration: Specialization and Express Portstheoretical

General Sea Freight and the Expansion of World Portstheoretical

Port Costs, Ship Turnaround, and Harbor Servicestheoretical

Freight Rates, Tonnage Balance, and Hinterland Conditionstheoretical

Port Promotion Through Tariffs, Customs Facilities, and Self-Governmenttheoretical

Road Route Alignment in the Economics of Construction and Maintenancetheoretical

Commercial Route Alignment for Branching Road Networkschapter

Economic Dimensions and Width Standards for Roadschapter

Construction and Maintenance Costs and the Economic Norms of Road Buildingchapter

Economy of Road Construction: Design, Durability, Automobiles, and Contractingchapter

Economy of Road Maintenance: Road Police, Vehicle Rules, and Repair Costschapter

Vehicle Regulations and the Economics of Road Maintenancetheoretical

Natural Labor Obligations and Technical Administration of Roadstheoretical

Waterways and Canal Route Economicstheoretical

Canal Dimensions, Maintenance Costs, Ship Size, and Cross-Section Economicstheoretical

Canal Profile Form, Locks, Bridges, Ship Lifts, and Water Conservationtheoretical

River Regulation, Maintenance, Contracting, and the Choice Between River Improvement and Side Canalstheoretical

Economics of Maritime Shipping as Private Enterprisechapter

Separation of Sea Shipping from Merchant Tradetheoretical

Institutional Innovations of Sea Shipping: Limited Liability, Insurance, Labor, and Competitiontheoretical

The General Rule of the Intensity Law in Sea Shippingtheoretical

Business Planning, Ship Technology, and Specialization of Vessel Typestheoretical

Specialized Freight Vessel Types and Sea Lighterstheoretical

Economic Principles of Ship Size, Capital, Durability, and Operating Coststheoretical

Steam Shipping Versus Sailing Shipping in Maritime Transporttheoretical

Surviving Niches of Sailing Shipping and Its Crisis-Driven Resiliencechapter

Increase in Ship Size and the Economics of Large Vesselschapter

From Wooden Ships to Iron and Steel Shipschapter

Hull Materials: From Wood to Iron, Steel, and Reinforced Concretechapter

Marine Engineering Advances and the Economics of Steam Navigationchapter

Technical and Economic Progress of Screw Steamshipschapter

Economics of Steamship Speedtheoretical

Operating Systems: Liner Shipping and Free Shippingtheoretical

Free Shipping and Tramp Steamer Operationstheoretical

Functions and Historical Emergence of Liner Shippingtheoretical

100

Costs and Advantages of Liner Shipping Operationstheoretical

101

Economies of Scale and Concentration in Liner Shippingtheoretical

102

Narrow Operational Economy and Capital Costs in Sea Shippingtheoretical

103

Depreciation, Amortization, and Technical Obsolescence of Shipstheoretical

104

Administrative Overhead and Variable Operating Costs in Sea Shippingtheoretical

105

Marine Insurance, Safety Technology, and the Lloyd Markettheoretical

106

Insurance Premiums, Ship Amortization, and Self-Insurancechapter

107

Repair and Maintenance Costs of Shipschapter

108

Labor Costs, Crew Size, and Wage Conditions in Shippingchapter

109

Coal Consumption and Fuel-Cost Calculation in Steamship Operationchapter

110

Footnote on German Crew Statistics and Ship Measurementfootnotes

111

Coal Bunker Space, Coal Prices, Coaling Logistics, and Fuel Economychapter

112

Oil Fuel, Lubricants, and Remaining Ship Operating Expensestheoretical

113

Fixed and Variable Costs, Minimal Yield, and Maximum Loss in Shippingtheoretical

114

Optimal Speed, Distance, and Cost Allocation in Sea Transporttheoretical

115

Price Formation in Sea Shipping and the Basis of Maritime Tariffstheoretical

116

Passenger Fare Differentiation and Seasonal Value Pricing in Steamship Servicetheoretical

117

Freight Value Tariffs, Weight–Space Classification, and Special Contractstheoretical

118

Differential Tariffs and Competitive Freight Price Formation in Sea Shippingtheoretical

119

The Freight Market and Its Submarketstheoretical

120

Freight Rate Declines, Suez Canal Effects, and Wartime Shipping Price Surgeschapter

121

The Limits of Competition in Shippingtheoretical

122

Line Shipping Concentration, Cartels, and the Rebate Systemtheoretical

123

Line Shipping Cartels, Conferences, and Their Economic Effectschapter

124

State Maritime Policy and the English Navigation Actschapter

125

Steamship Mail Subsidies and State Support for Regular Lineschapter

126

State Support, Subsidies, and Protectionist Premiums in Maritime Shippingtheoretical

127

Economics of Inland Navigation: Ship Construction and Operationchapter

128

Danube Performance Note and Sternwheel Steamerschapter

129

Construction Materials and Hull Forms of Inland Cargo Boatschapter

130

Growth of Inland Vessel Size and Economies of Scalechapter

131

Economic Limits to Vessel Enlargement and the Finowmaßchapter

132

Regional Variations in Inland Boat Constructionchapter

133

Standardization of Inland Vessel Formschapter

134

Propulsion, Organization, Speed, and Costs in Inland Navigationchapter

135

Cost Structure and Distance-Dependent Unit Costs in Inland Navigationtheoretical

136

Price Formation and Tariff Differentiation in Inland Navigationtheoretical

137

Water Levels, Railway Tariffs, and Inland Waterway Freight Price Formationtheoretical

138

Competition, Small Boatmen, and Cartel Organization in Inland Navigationtheoretical

139

Competition, concentration, and cooperative organization in inland shippingchapter

140

Interest communities and limits to monopoly in inland shippingtheoretical

141

Historical guild and Beurtfahrt organization of inland navigationchapter

142

Debate over public or compulsory organization of inland shippingtheoretical

143

State Regulation, Communal Organization, and Towing Monopoly in Inland Shippingtheoretical

144

Cost Structure of Animal-Drawn Road Cartagetheoretical

145

Competition, Seasonality, and Local Monopoly in Cartagetheoretical

146

Tariff Differentiation, Return Freight, and Historical Messenger-Cart Servicestheoretical

147

Economics of Motor Vehicles in General Traffictheoretical

148

Economics and Prospects of Motor Omnibus and Automobile Transportchapter

149

Regulation and Fare Design for Public Urban Road Carriagechapter

150

Urban Omnibus Concessions and the Shift to Municipal Railwaystheoretical

151

Ancient Road Systems from Persia and India to Greecechapter

152

Roman Road Building and the Empire-Wide Networkchapter

153

Roman Road Administration, Maintenance, and Measurementchapter

154

Roman Vehicles and Medieval Roads from Charlemagne to Trade Routeschapter

155

Medieval Road Construction and Early Bridge/Toll Conditionschapter

156

Feudal Road Sovereignty, Forced Routes, and Early Modern German Road Administrationchapter

157

Early Modern Road Administration in Germany, Austria, France, and Englandchapter

158

Road Corvées and the French Abuse of Compulsory Laborchapter

159

Nineteenth-Century Road Building and the Macadam Erachapter

160

Poor Road Conditions around 1808 and the Direction of Road Improvementchapter

161

Capital Expenditure and Road-Network Expansion in France and Prussiachapter

162

Estimated Capital Value of German Rural and Urban Roadschapter

163

Medieval River Navigation, Guild Administration, and Staple Rightschapter

164

River Tolls, Strand Rights, and Comparative Reforms in Germany, France, and Englandchapter

165

English River Navigation Trusts and Regulation before the Canal Erachapter

166

Canals: Chamber Locks, French Canal Policy, and Revolutionary Confiscationchapter

167

German and Prussian Canal Construction from the Great Elector to Frederick the Greatchapter

168

Habsburg, Hungarian, and Russian Canal Schemeschapter

169

England’s Canal Boom, Private Enterprise, and Monopoly Abuseschapter

170

Germany: Nineteenth-Century Inland Waterways, Steam Navigation, and Canal Policychapter

171

Austria-Hungary: Danube Regulation, Steam Navigation, and Unrealized Canal Planschapter

172

France: Restoration Canal Expansion, the Freycinet Plan, and Waterway Traffic Growthchapter

173

England: Canal Stagnation After the Rise of Railwayschapter

174

United States: Rivers, Canals, Railway Competition, and Fragmented Waterway Spendingchapter

175

Germany: Total Capital Investment in Waterways and Harbors, with Transition to Communicationschapter

176

Economic, Cultural, and State Significance of Post, Telegraph, and Telephonechapter

177

British Cable Power, Naval Communications, and Wireless Telegraphytheoretical

178

Differences Between Post, Telegraph, and Telephonetheoretical

179

Money, Parcel, and Passenger Traffic in the Postal Systemtheoretical

180

State Postal Role in Small Parcel and Passenger Transporttheoretical

181

The Telephone Revolution in Communicationstheoretical

182

Development of the Post into a Postal Bank and Opening of Administrative Principlestheoretical

183

Justification for Public Administration of Post and Telegraphtheoretical

184

Empirical Evidence from National Telegraph Systems, Especially Englandessay

185

United States Telegraph Private Monopoly and State Regulationessay

186

Overseas Cables: Private Pioneering, Tariff Instability, and Regulated Concessionessay

187

Parcel Post State Monopoly and the Opening of Telephone Analysisessay

188

United States Telephone Networks and the Bell Private Monopolychapter

189

England’s Private Telephone Concessions and 1911 Nationalizationchapter

190

Nordic, Dutch, and Belgian Telephone Systems under Cooperative, Municipal, and Competitive Operationchapter

191

Direct versus Delegated Operation in Postal, Telegraph, and Cable Serviceschapter

192

Regulated Private Participation in Telegraph and Telephone Networkschapter

193

Central Administration as the Organizing Principle of Post and Telegraphchapter

194

Municipal Contributions to Telegraph Network Extensionchapter

195

Telephone Networks and Their Incorporation into Central Administrationchapter

196

Postal Monopoly, Postzwang, and the German Reich Postal Lawchapter

197

Comparative Scope of Postal Compulsion in Europechapter

198

Telegraph and Telephone Monopoly and Rules for Private Lineschapter

199

Equal Access, Secrecy, and Liability Under Postal and Telegraph Monopolieschapter

200

Telegraph and Telephone Service Liability and Access Obligationstheoretical

201

Choice of Financial Principle for Postal and Telegraph Servicestheoretical

202

Coexistence of Financial Principles in International and Overseas Telegraphytheoretical

203

Fee Principle, Public Enterprise, and Cost Recovery in Post, Telegraph, and Telephone Servicestheoretical

204

International Ordering of Postal and Telegraph Administrationtheoretical

205

International Postal and Telegraph Unions and Administrative Unitychapter

206

Economic Foundations of Tariff Systems: Elements and Principlestheoretical

207

Message Traffic Tariffs and the Averaging of Local Cost Differencestheoretical

208

Leveling Route-Cost Differences in Postal Pricingtheoretical

209

Leveling the Influence of Distance in Postal and Telegraph Tariffstheoretical

210

Special Cost Conditions of Telegraph and Telephone Tariffstheoretical

211

Distance, Unit Tariffs, and Value-Based Differentiation in Telegraph Pricingtheoretical

212

Wireless Telegraph Charges, Stamp Franking, and Telephone Cost Issuestheoretical

213

Averaging Facility Use: Weight, Word, and Time Units in Postal and Telegraph Tariffstheoretical

214

Telegraph Word Tariffs, Minimum Charges, and Comparison with Postagetheoretical

215

Telephone Fees: Local Network Costs and the Technical Basis of Distance Chargestheoretical

216

Long-Distance Telephone Tariffs, Utilization Limits, and Zone Pricingtheoretical

217

Local Telephone Fees, Flat Rates, Subscriber Differentiation, and Measured Usetheoretical

218

Telephone Tariff Formation and Postal Price Differentiationtheoretical

219

Postal, Telegraph, and Telephone Tariff Differentiationchapter

220

Parcel Post: Package Postage, Value Classes, Distance, and Weight Progressionchapter

221

Parcel Post Tariffs and Special Postal Chargestheoretical

222

Ancillary Services and Incidental Fees in Postal and Telegraph Administrationtheoretical

223

Administrative Economy and the Economy of Network Installationtheoretical

224

Economy of Telegraph and Telephone Infrastructure, Apparatus, Switching, and Rights of Waytheoretical

225

Operating Economy and Personnel Costs in Postal, Telegraph, and Telephone Administrationtheoretical

226

Economies from Combining Postal, Telegraph, and Telephone Servicestheoretical

227

Operational Simplification through Stamp Franking and Prepaymenttheoretical

228

Uniform Tariff and Tariff Structure in Postal, Telegraph, and Telephone Serviceschapter

229

International Tariff Unity, Common Traffic Rules, and Cross-Border Settlementchapter

230

Transit Freedom and International Administrative Harmonizationtheoretical

231

Price Setting and Its Effect on Own Coststheoretical

232

Economy in the Narrow Sense of Administrationtheoretical

233

Postal Transport Procurement and Contractingtheoretical

234

Operating Results of Postal and Telegraph Administrationstheoretical

235

Outline of Postal History: Antiquity, Persia, Greece, and Romechapter

236

Roman Cursus Publicus: Stations, Administration, Costs, and Declinechapter

237

Medieval Messenger Systems: Universities, Orders, Cities, and Guild Postschapter

238

Early Modern Origins of State Posts in France, England, Germany, and Austriachapter

239

Opening of Early State Posts and the Rise of Postal Monopolieschapter

240

Development of the French Postal System up to the Nineteenth Centurychapter

241

Development of the English Postal System to Queen Anne’s Postal Actchapter

242

British Postal Administration from the 1711 Act to Hill’s Reformchapter

243

German Imperial Post and the Thurn und Taxis Monopolychapter

244

German-Austrian Postal Union and Austrian Postal Administrationchapter

245

Prussian Postal Administration and the Development of Postal Monopolychapter

246

Hill’s Postal Reform and the British Penny Postage Movementchapter

247

Introduction to the History of Postal Tariffschapter

248

History of French Postal Tariffschapter

249

History of English Postal Tariffschapter

250

Austria's Early Uniform Postage and Tariff Reformsessay

251

Prussian Postal Tax Reforms from Customary Line Rates to Three Zonesessay

252

German-Austrian Postal Union, North German Confederation, and Imperial Post Reformsessay

253

Origins of Telegraphic Communicationessay

254

From Chappe’s Optical Telegraph to Prussian Electric Telegraph Tariffschapter

255

The Universal International Union in Postal and Telegraph Administrationchapter

256

Universal Postal Union: Berne Treaty Tariffs and Transit Ruleschapter

257

Expansion and Congress Development of the Universal Postal Unionchapter

258

Reply Coupons, Lower Letter Rates, and the Scale of the World Postal Unionchapter

259

Institutional Principles of the International Telegraph Unionchapter

260

Telegraph Tariff Harmonization and the Rise of International Radiotelegraphychapter

261

Extent and Rules of the International Telegraph Unionchapter

262

German Postal and Telegraph Reforms after the Universal Postal Unionchapter

263

Austrian Postal Tariff Reform, Wartime Increases, and German Postal Unificationchapter

264

Early Development of the Telephone and International Long-Distance Telephonychapter

265

State and Private Telephone Networks and World Telephone Statisticschapter

266

Wireless Telegraphy and Wireless Telephony after Marconichapter

267

War-Time Communications and the Collectivization of Humanitychapter

268

Subject Index: A–Qbibliography

269

Subject Index (R–Z)bibliography

270

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