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Der Internationale Handel

1933

by Haberler

Arthur SpiethoffGottfried HaberlerHans KelsenWerner SombartInternational TradeTrade PolicyBalance of PaymentsExchange RatesFree TradeJacob VinerMonetary TheoryProtectionismWelfare EconomicsComparative AdvantageDumpingEquilibriumGold StandardMonetary EquilibriumPurchasing PowerTerms of TradeAdam SmithClassical EconomicsDavid HumeDavid RicardoVilfredo ParetoCapital MovementsJohn Stuart MillCapital TheoryProduction CostsFrancis Ysidro EdgeworthMarginal UtilityMax WeberMethodological IndividualismPlanned EconomyPrice TheoryCentral BankingFriedrich von WieserIndividualismStationary EconomyLeague of NationsWilhelm RopkeSupply and DemandThomas MalthusExchange ControlMercantilismQuantity Theory of MoneyGustav CasselFriedrich A. HayekJohn Maynard KeynesKnut WicksellLudwig von MisesDiscount RateOpen Market OperationsInflationReparationsStabilizationMonetary StabilityGold ReservesPrice MechanismElasticity of DemandJacques RueffCapital FlightFritz MachlupDeflationDevaluationBusiness CyclesEconomic HistoryPublic FinanceHjalmar SchachtTreaty of VersaillesGreat DepressionPolitical EconomyEconomic CrisisDivision of LaborValue JudgmentsAlfred MarshallArthur Cecil PigouLabor Theory of ValueDiminishing ReturnsEconomies of ScaleFrank KnightMarginal CostMonopolyNeoclassical EconomicsJohn HicksGround RentAustrian SchoolCarl MengerEugen von Bohm-BawerkOpportunity CostProductivityCustoms UnionIncome DistributionLabor MobilityWage RigidityJoseph SchumpeterOskar MorgensternCompetitionExternalitiesMarket StructureAutarkyInterventionismLionel RobbinsNational IncomeNationalismSocial JusticeLujo BrentanoCartelsLiberalismFactors of ProductionOtto von BismarckFrederic BastiatInsuranceUnemploymentWagesAdolf WagnerFriedrich ListSubsidiesErich SchneiderHans MayerPrice LevelSpeculationCorporatismGeopoliticsEconomic IntegrationKnowledge EconomicsPrice FormationLegal Theory

Table of Contents · 123 segments

1
Publisher Notice and List of Published Volumesbibliography
2
Series and Book Title Pagesbibliography
3
Prefaceessay
4
Table of Contentsbibliography
5
Abbreviations and Opening Heading of Part Onebibliography
6
Chapter 1: Definition of International Trade and the Classical Theorytheoretical
7
National Boundedness of Capital and Labortheoretical
8
Objections to the Classical Definitiontheoretical
9
Alternative Definitions of International Tradetheoretical
10
Domestic and Foreign Trade from the Policymaker’s Perspective; International Trade as a Special Case of General Theorytheoretical
11
Plan for the Further Investigationtheoretical
12
Part B: Monetary Problems of International Tradetheoretical
13
Chapter 3 Introduction: Currency Separation and the Organization of International Paymentschapter
14
Chapter 4 Opening: Balance-of-Payments Statistics, Trade Balance, and Services Balancetheoretical
15
Capital Balance, Meanings of the Balance of Payments, and the Foreign-Exchange Supply-Demand Modeltheoretical
16
Multiple Countries, Triangular Trade, and Exchange-Rate Arbitragetheoretical
17
Chapter 5: Restoring Balance of Payments Equilibrium under a Pure Gold Standardchapter
18
Chapter 6: Restoring Equilibrium under Pure Paper Currencychapter
19
Monetary Preliminaries and Stabilization under Gold and Exchange Standardstheoretical
20
Discount Policy and Bank Credit in the International Adjustment Mechanismtheoretical
21
Dynamic Exchange Rates in Inflation: Static Assumptions, Inflation Dynamics, Classical Theory, and Stabilizationchapter
22
Literature on Inflation, Currency Depreciation, and Postwar Monetary Experiencebibliography
23
Statistical Illustration: Dollar Exchange Rate and Purchasing Power Parity in Germany, 1919–1924theoretical
24
Chapter 9 Introduction: Unilateral Value Transfers and the Transfer Problemtheoretical
25
Raising Funds and Transferring Them: The Emergence of the Export Surplustheoretical
26
Price Movements in the Transfer Mechanism: Keynes, Ohlin, and the Classical Debatetheoretical
27
Capital Movements, Transfer Limits, and the Mechanism in Financial Crisestheoretical
28
Fundamental Problems of Foreign Exchange Controltheoretical
29
Examples of the Transfer Problem: General Problems of Verificationtheoretical
30
The French War Indemnity of 1871 as a Transfer Exampletheoretical
31
The Canadian Experiment: Capital Imports, Triangular Trade, Gold, Credit, and Pricestheoretical
32
Literature on German Reparations and Inter-Allied Debtsbibliography
33
Introductory Assessment of the German Reparations Problemessay
34
From Versailles to the London Ultimatumessay
35
Germany’s Moratorium Struggle after the London Ultimatumessay
36
Ruhr Occupation, Passive Resistance, and the Turn to Expert Revisionessay
37
Collapse of the London Reparations Settlementessay
38
The Transitional Dawes Plan Regimeessay
39
Revision of the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan Settlementessay
40
From the Young Plan to the Crisis of Reparations before Lausanneessay
41
The Lausanne Agreement and the Conditional End of Reparationsessay
42
Reparations, Germany’s Balance of Payments, and the Transition to Inter-Allied Debtsessay
43
Young Plan Linkage of German Reparations with Inter-Allied War Debtsessay
44
Scale of Inter-Allied Debts Relative to Foreign Trade and Opening of Pure Trade Theoryessay
45
Introduction: The Problem of Pure International Trade Theorychapter
46
Survey of Theoretical Systems for International Tradetheoretical
47
Comparative Costs: International Division of Labor and Cost Differencestheoretical
48
Absolute and Comparative Costs, Research Program, and Monetary Expressiontheoretical
49
Comparative Costs with Multiple Goodstheoretical
50
Transport Costs and Variable Production Coststheoretical
51
Chapter 12 Introduction: Supply, Demand, and Comparative Costschapter
52
Mill’s Theory of International Valuestheoretical
53
Marshall’s Generalization of International Valuestheoretical
54
Marshallian Curves and Ordinary Supply-Demand Curvestheoretical
55
Elasticity of Demand in Marshallian Trade Theorytheoretical
56
The Real Terms of Trade and Their Statistical Measurementtheoretical
57
Statistical Illustrations: British and German Terms of Trade after World War Itheoretical
58
Partial Equilibrium: Immediate Price and Quantity Effects of International Tradetheoretical
59
Chapter 13: Eliminating the Labor Theory of Valuechapter
60
Comparative Advantage Reformulated and the Role of Immobile Factorstheoretical
61
Opening of the Section on Trade and Income Distributiontheoretical
62
Classical and Neoclassical Treatment of Trade, Distribution, and Non-Competing Labor Groupstheoretical
63
Specific Factors, Labor Mobility, and Distributional Effects of Tradetheoretical
64
Unequal Wage Levels, Labor Monopolies, and Manoilesco’s Protectionist Argumenttheoretical
65
Section 4 Heading: Decreasing Costs, Increasing Returns, and International Tradetheoretical
66
Problem Statement: Graham's Decreasing-Cost Challenge to Comparative Coststheoretical
67
Historical Cost Reductions versus Static Decreasing Coststheoretical
68
Genuine Decreasing Costs, Internal Economies, and Monopolytheoretical
69
Large Markets, External Economies, Infant-Industry Protection, and Transition to Trade Policytheoretical
70
Introductionchapter
71
Chapter 14, Section 1: Program of the Trade Policy Analysistheoretical
72
Chapter 14, Section 2: Criteria for Evaluating International Trade and Trade Policytheoretical
73
Chapter 15, Section 1: The Presumption in Favor of Free Tradetheoretical
74
Chapter 15, Sections 2–3: Other Free Trade Arguments and the Value Premises of Free Traderstheoretical
75
Chapter 16: Effects of Tariffs — Immediate Effect of a Single Tariff on Price and Salestheoretical
76
Tariffs on Means of Productiontheoretical
77
Chapter 17: Tariff Arguments in Generalchapter
78
Indisputable Tariff Arguments: Production, Domestic Market, Purchasing Power, and Solidary Protectiontheoretical
79
Invalid Tariff Arguments Continued, Schüller’s Theory, and Short-Run Employment Effectstheoretical
80
Tariffs and Unemployment: Types, Keynesian Proposals, and Policy Conclusionstheoretical
81
Imports of Production Factors as a Consequence of Tariffstheoretical
82
Infant-Industry Tariffs and Fears of One-Sided Industrial Export Economiestheoretical
83
Emergency Tariffs and Market-Securing Tariffstheoretical
84
Tariffs and Terms of Trade: Can the Foreign Country Bear the Tariff?theoretical
85
Introduction to Dumping, Cartels, Monopolies, and Export Bountieschapter
86
Nature, Definitions, Forms, and Preconditions of Dumpingtheoretical
87
Theory of the Dumping Price and Monopoly Price Discriminationtheoretical
88
Economic Appraisal of Dumping and Export Bountiestheoretical
89
Anti-Dumping Duties, International Cartels, Trusts, and Raw Material Monopoliestheoretical
90
Part C: The Technique of Trade Policychapter
91
Chapter 20 Introduction: Applying Customs Lawschapter
92
Bibliography on Tariff Methods and Commercial Policybibliography
93
Customs Tariffs and Customs Territorychapter
94
Specific Duties and Ad Valorem Dutieschapter
95
Sliding-Scale Dutieschapter
96
Import Prohibitions, Export Prohibitions, and Quotaschapter
97
Other Methods of Protectionismchapter
98
Administrative Relief from Tariff Protectionchapter
99
Measuring the Height of a Tariffchapter
100
Chapter 21: Content and Form of Commercial Treatieschapter
101
Introduction to the Most-Favored-Nation Clausechapter
102
Bibliography on the Most-Favored-Nation Clausebibliography
103
Unconditional and Conditional Most-Favored-Nation Treatmentchapter
104
Reciprocity Treaties and Conditional MFN Practicechapter
105
Limitations and Exceptions to Most-Favored-Nation Treatmentchapter
106
Chapter 22 Opening and Commercial Treaties of Free-Trade Countrieschapter
107
The System of Rigid Tariffschapter
108
Tariff Treaties and Individual Customs Concessions: General Frameworkchapter
109
The Spirit of Tariff Negotiationschapter
110
The Dispute over Most-Favored-Nation Treatment: General Issueschapter
111
The Alleged Unfairness of Unconditional Most-Favored-Nation Treatmentchapter
112
Unconditional Most-Favored-Nation Treatment as a Claimed Obstacle to Tariff Reductionchapter
113
Preferential Tariffs and Economic Alliances: General Confusionchapter
114
Economic Assessment of Preferential Tariffschapter
115
Customs Unionschapter
116
Tactical Reflections on the Path to Free Tradechapter
117
Name Indexbibliography
118
Subject Indexbibliography
119
Publisher Advertisements: Beveridge on Tariffs and Gruntzel on Trade Policybibliography
120
Publisher Advertisement: Winkler's Outline of Statisticsbibliography
121
Publisher Notices for a Statistics Volume and the Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomiebibliography
122
Catalogue of Contemporary Economic Theory and Economic Reference Worksbibliography
123
Catalogue of Encyclopedia Contributions in Law and State Sciencesbibliography