The production and distribution of knowledge in the United States
1962
by Machlup
Fritz MachlupKnowledge EconomicsLabor MarketEducationInnovationNational IncomeFriedrich A. HayekAdam SmithHuman CapitalResource AllocationEpistemologyMax WeberPositivismIdeal TypeConsumer SovereigntyPublic FinanceProduction CostsOpportunity CostAccountingDivision of LaborProductivityInvestmentPrice TheoryExternalitiesLabor MobilityInflationReal IncomeDepreciationTaxationDiscount RateSocial JusticeJohn Stuart MillCompetitionEconomies of ScaleMonopolyPerfect CompetitionJoseph SchumpeterAlfred MarshallInfrastructureElasticity of DemandMethodologyMarginalismBalance of PaymentsInternational TradeSupply and DemandAlexis de TocquevilleJohn von NeumannFederal ReserveIrving FisherEconomic DevelopmentPlanned EconomyIncome Distribution
Table of Contents · 195 segments
1
Front Matter: Title Page, Other Books by Fritz Machlup, and Copyright Informationbibliography
2
Prefaceessay
3
Contentsbibliography
4
Analytical Table of Contentsbibliography
5
List of Tablesbibliography
6
Chapter II Fragment: Knowledge of Enduring and Transitory Interesttheoretical
7
Chapter I: Introductionchapter
8
Introduction: Plan of the Book and Chapter Overviewchapter
9
Chapter II: The Known and the Knowingtheoretical
10
Classifications of Knowledge: Definitions, Basic and Applied Knowledge, and Transitory Knowledgetheoretical
11
Scheler’s Classification, Five Types of Knowledge, and the Problem of Truththeoretical
12
Intellectual, Pastime, and Unwanted Knowledgetheoretical
13
Classification Bias and Unwanted Knowledgetheoretical
14
Response to Free Consumers' Choice and Political Decisiontheoretical
15
Subjectively New and Socially New Knowledgetheoretical
16
Knowledge as Product, Consumption, Investment, or Costtheoretical
17
Methods of Producing Knowledge: Techniques and Intentionstheoretical
18
Types of Individual Knowledge Producerstheoretical
19
Knowledge Receiving as Knowledge Productiontheoretical
20
Knowledge as Consumption, Investment, or Cost: Production and Statistical Measurementtheoretical
21
Investment in Knowledge and Investment for Knowledgetheoretical
22
Knowledge as Intermediate Producttheoretical
23
Knowledge-Producing Personnel in Business Firmstheoretical
24
Instruments for the Production of Knowledgetheoretical
25
Cost and Consumer Purchases of Knowledge-Producing Equipmentchapter
26
Who Pays for Knowledge and How National Income Accounting Treats Itchapter
27
Chapter III: Measurement Problems in the Knowledge Industrychapter
28
Industries, Occupations, and the Division of Labor in Knowledge Productionchapter
29
Firms, Innovation, and Economy-Wide Occupational Changechapter
30
Chapter IV: Education, Training, and Modes of Instructionchapter
31
Education in the Home and Its Opportunity Costchapter
32
Income Foregone by Child-Rearing Motherschapter
33
Training on the Job and Learning from Experiencechapter
34
On-the-Job Learning and Business Training Costschapter
35
Education in the Churchchapter
36
Education in the Armed Serviceschapter
37
Elementary and Secondary Educationchapter
38
Elementary and Secondary School Expenditure Growth, Teacher Salaries, and Affordabilitychapter
39
Elementary and Secondary Enrollment and Expenditure Increasechapter
40
Higher Education Enrollment and Expenditureschapter
41
Faculty Salaries and Professional Income Comparisonschapter
42
Student-Faculty Ratios and Research-Oriented Faculty Timechapter
43
Other Higher Education Expenditures and Exclusions from Education Costchapter
44
Financing Higher Educationchapter
45
Higher Education Financing and Public/Private Institutionschapter
46
Academic Degreeschapter
47
Neglected Cost Items and Earnings Foregonechapter
48
Potential Incomeschapter
49
Estimates of Earnings Foregone by Studentschapter
50
Implicit Rents of Buildings and Groundschapter
51
Implicit Rent and Opportunity Cost of Educational Plantchapter
52
The Cost of Tax Exemptionschapter
53
Transportation, Books, and Clothingchapter
54
The Total Cost of Educationchapter
55
Chosen Years and Summary of Total Education Costschapter
56
Adjustments of Gross National Productchapter
57
The Productivity of Educationtheoretical
58
Investment or Consumption?theoretical
59
Returns and Rates of Return on Investment in Educationtheoretical
60
College Education as Credential and Selective Testtheoretical
61
Social Versus Private Benefits and Measures Against Underinvestment in Educationtheoretical
62
Average Versus Marginal Returnstheoretical
63
Increased Versus Improved Investmenttheoretical
64
Efficiency in Educationtheoretical
65
The Stock of Knowledgetheoretical
66
Production and Reproduction of Knowledge by the Schoolstheoretical
67
No Measurement of Output or Effect of Education?theoretical
68
The Productive Contribution of Prolonged Educationtheoretical
69
Negative Effects of Prolonged Compulsory Schooling on Studentschapter
70
Accelerated Schooling and Reform of American Secondary Educationchapter
71
Types of Research and Development Workchapter
72
Expenditures and Personnel in Research and Developmentchapter
73
Inventive Effort, Discovery, and Patent Protectionchapter
74
Research, Company Size, and Competitiontheoretical
75
The Flow of Ideas in the Inventive Processtheoretical
76
Research as National Product and National-Income Accountingtheoretical
77
Conclusion: R&D Accounting as Investment in New Knowledgechapter
78
The Productivity of Researchchapter
79
R&D as Investment: Social Returns, Marginal Returns, and Scarce Research Laborchapter
80
The Social Cost of Additional Researchchapter
81
Industrial Research, Teaching, and the Supply of Scientists and Engineerschapter
82
The Short and Long Run: Scientific Manpower Bottlenecks and the Basic Research Exceptionchapter
83
Basic Research, Higher Education, and the Past Neglect of Pure Sciencechapter
84
Past Neglect of Basic Research (continued)chapter
85
The Productivity of Basic Researchchapter
86
Competing Fields of Knowledgechapter
87
Chapter VI: The Media of Communicationchapter
88
Printed Matterchapter
89
Books and Pamphletschapter
90
The Types of Knowledge Conveyed by Bookschapter
91
Books: sales categories and the rise of paperbackschapter
92
Periodicals: definition and statistical measurement problemschapter
93
Footnotes on paperback data sourcesfootnotes
94
Periodicals: circulation, readership, receipts, and advertisingchapter
95
Types of knowledge conveyed by periodicalschapter
96
Newspapers: economic development, circulation, and local concentrationchapter
97
Types of knowledge conveyed by newspapers: methodological premisechapter
98
Footnotes on Sunday newspaper prices and sizefootnotes
99
Newspapers: space distribution, knowledge types, and advertising subsidychapter
100
All the News That's Fit to Print?chapter
101
Newspapers: Press Releases and Repetitive News Reporting (continued)chapter
102
Expenditures for Periodicals and Newspaperschapter
103
Other Printed Matter, Stationery, and Office Supplieschapter
104
All Printing and Publishing: Printed Knowledge in 1958chapter
105
Photography and Phonography: Expenditures and Statistical Estimateschapter
106
Types of Knowledge Conveyed by Phonographchapter
107
Stage and Cinema: Media for Collocated and Remote Communicationchapter
108
Stage and Podium, Plays and Concertschapter
109
Live Arts, Spectator Sports, and Government Subsidies for the Artschapter
110
Motion Pictures: Attendance, Production, and Industry Receiptschapter
111
Exports and Imports of Filmschapter
112
Nontheatrical Motion Pictureschapter
113
Broadcasting: Growth of Radio and Televisionchapter
114
Types of Knowledge Conveyed by Radiochapter
115
Types of Knowledge Conveyed by Televisionchapter
116
Broadcasting: program distribution, regulation, and educational televisionchapter
117
Advertising and public relations: expenditures and mediachapter
118
Advertisers, media choices, and public relationschapter
119
The Types of Knowledge Produced by Advertisingchapter