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Bilanz und Steuer I. Band: Buchhaltung und Bilanzen der Unternehmungen nach ihrer Rechtsform

1949

by Reisch and Kreibig

AccountingTaxationCooperativesPublic FinanceLegal TheoryProfit and LossDepreciationBankingCapital TheoryInsuranceDivision of LaborPlanned EconomyValuationAustrian SchoolCarl MengerEugen von Bohm-BawerkExchange ValueFriedrich von WieserLeon WalrasSubjective ValueUse ValueWilliam Stanley JevonsCapital ConsumptionDiscount RateInnovationRaw MaterialsCapitalismInterest RatesEconomic EfficiencyLiquidityStock ExchangeAlbert SchaffleFixed CapitalInfrastructureNationalizationInflationCapital StructureCapital IntensityBusiness CyclesFederal ReserveAdolf WagnerOtto BauerBruno HildebrandRationalizationMonetary StabilityCartelsUncertainty

Table of Contents · 268 segments

1
Title Page, Copyright, and Prefaceessay
2
Table of Contents of Volume Onechapter
3
Outline of the Second Volumechapter
4
List of Figureschapter
5
Abbreviations and Short Referencesbibliography
6
Introduction to Bookkeeping: Enterprise, Operation, and General Business-Economics Literaturetheoretical
7
Preliminary Concepts: Definition, Function, and Practical Importance of Bookkeepingtheoretical
8
Commercial-bookkeeping duties under the Commercial Codechapter
9
Litigation, corporate, insolvency, and tax effects of commercial bookschapter
10
Special bookkeeping rules and bibliography for bookkeeping instructionbibliography
11
Bookkeeping systems: simple, double-entry, cameralistic, and constanttheoretical
12
Preliminary Concepts of Simple Bookkeepingtheoretical
13
Bookkeeping Representation Forms: Narrative, Accounts, Balances, Pages, and Tablestheoretical
14
Source Documents and Voucher Organizationtheoretical
15
Business Case 1: Grocery Shop Transactions and Closing Datachapter
16
Business Case 1: Posting, Closing, Profit, and Rentability Analysischapter
17
Business Case 2: Extended Simple Bookkeeping for a Hat Shopchapter
18
Bookkeeping Plan and Cash Traffic Controlchapter
19
Postal Savings Bank Account and Cashless Giro Paymentschapter
20
Credit Transactions and Person-Based Ledgerschapter
21
Journal Posting of Credit, Barter, and External Itemschapter
22
Saldokonto Posting: Customer and Supplier Ledgerschapter
23
Saldokonto Extract and Consolidation of Credit Accountschapter
24
Accounting for Merchandise Movement: Purchase Books, Sales Books, and Stock Controlchapter
25
Inventories, Balance Sheets, Private Assets, and Passive Inventorieschapter
26
Cost Accounting, Profit Analysis, Operating Comparisons, and Profitabilitychapter
27
System of Single-Entry Bookkeeping, Closing Work, and Controlschapter
28
Minimum Bookkeeping Requirements and Daily Transaction Examplechapter
29
Explanation of Daily Posting in Minimum Bookkeepingchapter
30
Worked Business Daybook Entries and Control Checkschapter
31
Annual Closing under Minimum Bookkeepingchapter
32
Closing Table, Balance Sheet, Profit Calculation, and Capital Accountchapter
33
Extended Accounting for Credit Transactionschapter
34
Concept and Essence of Double-Entry Bookkeepingtheoretical
35
Technique and Laws of Double-Entry Bookkeepingtheoretical
36
Scientific Classification of Postings in the Account Systemtheoretical
37
General ledger account theory: business cases I–IIIchapter
38
Business case IV: expanded trial balance and profit-and-loss closingchapter
39
Business case V: balance and profit-and-loss closing tablechapter
40
Business case VI setup: reopening, transactions, inventory, and accrual datachapter
41
Reopening and current postings for business case VIchapter
42
Main ledger closing and inventory for business case VIchapter
43
Account adjustments and inventory-to-ledger reconciliationchapter
44
Accrual and deferral itemschapter
45
Account transfers and expanded closing table procedurechapter
46
Worked main ledger and closing table for business case VIchapter
47
Monthly closing and rough balancechapter
48
Grouped trial balance, system overview, and mixed goods accountchapter
49
The Daybook as Chronological Ground Bookchapter
50
Cash Book, Contra Accounts, and Cash Book VIchapter
51
Prima Nota, Account Assignment, and Posting Workflowchapter
52
Worked Prima Nota and December Closing Entrieschapter
53
Italian Method of Bookkeepingchapter
54
German Method with Sammeljournalchapter
55
French Specialized Journal Methodchapter
56
English Method: Specialized Journals with Sammeljournalchapter
57
American Tabular Journal and Divided Monthly Journal Methodschapter
58
Transfer-Copy Bookkeeping, Ruf and Hinze Systems, and Hollerith Punch Cardschapter
59
Auxiliary Books and Their Control Functionchapter
60
Saldokonto, Current Account Interest, and Goods Subsidiary Ledger Exampleschapter
61
Chart of Accounts: Account Grouping and Early Frameworkschapter
62
Account Frameworks and the German Normal Chart of Accountstheoretical
63
The Austrian Einheitskontenrahmen EKRtheoretical
64
General Balance Sheet Theory: Literature Guidebibliography
65
The Asset Balance Sheet and the Meaning of the Bilanzkontotheoretical
66
Balance Sheet Technique: Closing, Continuity, Aggregation, Compensation, and Adjustment Entriestheoretical
67
Indirect Depreciation Booking Methodtheoretical
68
Transitory Assets and Liabilitiestheoretical
69
Active and Passive Anticipationstheoretical
70
Pass-Through Balance Sheet Itemstheoretical
71
Movement of Values in the Balance Sheettheoretical
72
The Profit and Loss Balancetheoretical
73
The Gross Methodtheoretical
74
The Net Methodtheoretical
75
Balance Sheet Standardizationtheoretical
76
Balance Sheet Lawtheoretical
77
Importance and Position of the Inventory in Bookkeepingtheoretical
78
The significance of balance sheet valuationtheoretical
79
General principles of valuationtheoretical
80
Statutory valuation rules and core valuation principlestheoretical
81
Valuation of nominal-value items, receivables, bills, and annuity debtschapter
82
Valuation of fixed assets and intangible assetschapter
83
Repair costs: maintenance versus capital improvementschapter
84
Value bases of depreciationtheoretical
85
Determining the amount of depreciationchapter
86
Methods of depreciation and amortization distinctionschapter
87
Effects of depreciation and silent reserveschapter
88
Renewal reserves and replacement reserve accountingchapter
89
Valuation of current resale goodschapter
90
Valuation policy and transition to private-enterprise balance sheetstheoretical
91
Balance Sheet of the Open Commercial Partnershipchapter
92
Balance Sheet of the Limited Partnershipchapter
93
Balance Sheet of the Silent Partnershipchapter
94
Bibliography for Publicly Reporting Enterprises and Stock-Corporation Balance Sheetsbibliography
95
Stock Corporations, Public Accounts, and the Opening of the Economic and Legal Foundationsessay
96
Legal and Economic Foundations of Stock Corporation Balance Sheetschapter
97
The Problem of the Purposes of Stock Corporation Balance Sheets and Legal Doctrinestheoretical
98
Economic Theories of the Balance Sheet Purposetheoretical
99
Practical Views and Conclusions on the Purposes of Stock Corporation Balance Sheetstheoretical
100
Interested Parties in Stock Corporation Balance Sheetstheoretical
101
Bookkeeping in Stock Corporationschapter
102
Preparation, Approval, Audit, Liability, and Publication of Annual Balance Sheetschapter
103
Basic Principles and Statutory Structure of the Asset Balance Sheetchapter
104
Asset-Side Items in the Stock Corporation Balance Sheetchapter
105
Liability-Side Items in the Stock Corporation Balance Sheetchapter
106
Typical Balance-Sheet Items: Net Worth, Value Corrections, Accruals, and Pass-Through Itemschapter
107
Balance Sheet Presentation and AG Valuation Rules in Law and Practicechapter
108
Results, Reform Proposals, Liabilities, and General Meeting Rightschapter
109
Bibliography on Intangible Valuesbibliography
110
Concept and Balance-Sheet Treatment of Intangible Valuestheoretical
111
Share Capital and Proof of Net Assets in Joint-Stock Companieschapter
112
Functions of the Share-Capital Accountchapter
113
Balance Sheet Presentation of Share Capital, Share Register, and Unpaid Contributionschapter
114
Capital Impairment Account, Authorized Capital, Own Shares, and Treasury Shareschapter
115
Capital Increases, Subscription Rights, and Paid Share Issueschapter
116
Free Shares and Capitalization of Reserves or Revaluation Gainschapter
117
Nominal-Value Increases by Stamping Up Shareschapter
118
Tax Law on Share-Capital Increaseschapter
119
Capital Reductions and Share Repayments: Legal Protection and Economic Effectschapter
120
Repayment of Shares from Profitchapter
121
Expiring and Non-Expiring Enterprises in Share Repaymentchapter
122
Accounting Treatment of Share Repaymentschapter
123
Capital Repayments in Kind, from Assets, Profits, Reserves, and Revenuetheoretical
124
Capital Reduction through Own-Share Repurchase and Liberation of Partly Paid Sharestheoretical
125
Capital Reduction by Stamping Shares to a Lower Nominal Valuetheoretical
126
Capital Reduction by Consolidating Sharestheoretical
127
Capital Reductions, Consolidations, and Gold Balance Sheetstheoretical
128
Tax Treatment of Capital Repayments and Capital Reductionstheoretical
129
Profit Participation Rights and the Definition and Classification of Reservestheoretical
130
Share Capital and Reserves under the Legal Reserve Rulestheoretical
131
Open and Hidden Reserves in Balance Sheetstheoretical
132
Statutory, Voluntary, Capital, Profit, and Conversion Reservestheoretical
133
General and Special Reservestheoretical
134
Uncovered and Specially Covered Reservestheoretical
135
Temporary and Permanent Reservestheoretical
136
Liquid and Illiquid Reservestheoretical
137
Interest on Reservestheoretical
138
Balance-Sheet Treatment of Open Reservestheoretical
139
Examples of Liabilities-Side Classification and Ambiguous Reserveschapter
140
Accounting Procedure for Reserves Without Separate Coverchapter
141
Accounting Procedure for Separately Covered Reserveschapter
142
Valuation Adjustment Items and Provisionschapter
143
Deferred and Accrued Items as Income-Regulation Postschapter
144
Passive Anticipations and Their Distinction from Special Reserveschapter
145
Balance-Sheet Treatment of Purchase and Sales Commitmentschapter
146
Sale Commitments, Covered and Uncovered Delivery Obligationschapter
147
Dividend and Similar Special Reserveschapter
148
Insurance and Damage Reserves, Including Self-Insurancechapter
149
Renewal Funds as Depreciation or True Earmarked Fundschapter
150
Railway Replacement Accounting and the Need for Indirect Depreciationchapter
151
Renewal Reserves Beyond Depreciation and Mixed Accounting Methodschapter
152
Del Credere Accounts and Doubtful-Debt Reserveschapter
153
Exchange-Loss and Currency Reserveschapter
154
Guarantee, Litigation, Interest, and Tax Reserveschapter
155
Pension and Welfare Funds, and the Concept of Through-Itemschapter
156
Sureties, Avals, Liabilities, and Guarantee Obligationschapter
157
Cautions, Endorsement Obligations, and Acceptance Creditschapter
158
Long-Term Debt and Industrial Bonds: Legal Framework, Issuance, and Repaymentchapter
159
Industrial Bonds: Interest, Coupons, Agio, and Disagiochapter
160
Industrial Bonds: Restructuring, Revaluation, and a Full Accounting Examplechapter
161
Bank Debentures and Bank-Issued Bond Accountingchapter
162
Economic and Legal Foundations of Income Statementschapter
163
Structure and Layout of Income Statementschapter
164
Structure and Proper Presentation of the Profit and Loss Statementchapter
165
Balance-Sheet Treatment of Annual Net Profit or Losschapter
166
Closing with Profit and Accounts Used for Profit Distributionchapter
167
Closing with Loss and the Reliability of the Profit Conceptchapter
168
The Concept of Profitability in Corporationstheoretical
169
Closing Example: Austrian Brau-AG Balance Sheet and Income Statementchapter
170
Austrian Brau AG Financial Statements and Audit Certificate, 1946chapter
171
The Management Report in Public Corporate Accountingtheoretical
172
Audit of Stock Corporations and Opening of Balance-Sheet Critiquetheoretical
173
Static Critique of the Asset Side of Corporate Balance Sheetstheoretical
174
Static Liquidity Analysis: Relations Between Financing and Asset Usetheoretical
175
Dynamic Balance-Sheet Analysis of Capital, Assets, and Liquiditytheoretical
176
Critique of Profit and Loss Itemstheoretical
177
Critique of Broader Enterprise Conditionstheoretical
178
Balance-Sheet Standardization for Stock Corporationstheoretical
179
Subproblems of Balance-Sheet Standardizationtheoretical
180
Special Rules for Foreign Stock Corporations in Austriachapter
181
Swiss Stock-Corporation Balance Sheets: Law, Valuation, Publication, and Auditchapter
182
Swiss Examples: Chocolat Tobler and Fides Treuhandvereinigungchapter
183
Italian Stock-Corporation Balance Sheets and Audit Practicechapter
184
Dutch Stock-Corporation Balance Sheets: N.V. Law and Auditchapter
185
Dutch Example: Nationale Levensverzekering-Bank N.V. Rotterdam, 1947chapter
186
British Company Balance Sheets and the Companies Acts of 1929 and 1947chapter
187
British Examples: Bank Balance Sheet and Town Tailors Reportchapter
188
United States Corporate Accounting: Legal Framework, Terminology, and Current Assetschapter
189
United States Balance-Sheet Structure, Equity, Valuation, Inventories, and Deferred Chargestheoretical
190
United States Profit and Loss Statements and Illustrative Balance Sheetchapter
191
Federal Reserve Board Balance Sheet and Profit-and-Loss Schemachapter
192
Legal Relations of the Partnership Limited by Shareschapter
193
Net Assets and Annual Accounts of the KGaAchapter
194
Profit Distribution in the KGaAchapter
195
Literature on GmbH Accounting and Lawbibliography
196
The GmbH as Enterprise Form and Its Annual Balance Sheetschapter
197
Special Balance Sheets: Formation, Reorganization, Liquidation, and Merger of GmbHchapter
198
Presentation of Net Assets in the GmbH Balance Sheetchapter
199
Capital Contributions and Accounting Entries for GmbH Share Capitalchapter
200
Business Shares and Balance-Sheet Value in the GmbHchapter
201
The GmbH Share Registerchapter
202
Additional Contributions in the GmbH Balance Sheetchapter
203
Treatment of Annual Net Profit and Loss in the GmbHchapter
204
GmbH & Co. and Balance Sheets of Public-Law Enterpriseschapter
205
Tax Remarks on Public-Law Enterpriseschapter
206
Bibliography on Cooperative Balance Sheetsbibliography
207
Economic and Legal Foundations of Cooperativeschapter
208
Bookkeeping and Balance Sheets in Cooperativeschapter
209
Annual Balance Sheets of Cooperativeschapter
210
Special Balance Sheets, Liquidation, Bankruptcy, and Contribution Calculationschapter
211
Net Worth and Share Capital of Cooperativeschapter
212
Formation and Use of Cooperative Reserveschapter
213
Balance-Sheet Treatment of Annual Profit and Losschapter
214
Cooperative Auditing and Credit Cooperative Balance Sheetschapter
215
Productive and Consumer Cooperative Balance Sheetschapter
216
Cooperative Profit Distributionchapter
217
The Balance Sheet under the Austrian Works Council Acttheoretical
218
Systematization of Balance Sheets and Special Balance Sheetschapter
219
Founding Balance Sheet: Economic and Legal Foundationschapter
220
Valuation of Enterprises as a Wholetheoretical
221
Reproduction Cost Value of an Enterprisetheoretical
222
Future Earnings Valuetheoretical
223
Enterprise Surplus and Deficiency Value: Goodwill and Badwilltheoretical
224
Tax Remarks on Selling a Business as a Wholetheoretical
225
Accounting for Contributions in Kind and Model Founding Contractchapter
226
Completion of the Asset-Formation Contract Clauseschapter
227
Valuation Principles for Asset-Based Company Formationstheoretical
228
Siemens-Schuckertwerke Conversion from GmbH to AGchapter
229
Opening Balance and Founding Entries for Neumann & Schlesinger and Josef Richterchapter
230
Enterprise Value in Partner Dissolutiontheoretical
231
Enterprise Value and Agio in Business Combinationstheoretical
232
Enterprise Value in the Formation of a Stock Corporationtheoretical
233
Execution of the Incorporation Balance Sheet Examplechapter
234
Introduction to Gold and Stabilization Balance Sheetschapter
235
Revaluation and Capital Conversion under the Gold Balance Sheet Lawchapter
236
Gösser Brauerei AG as an Example of Gold Balance Sheet Effectschapter
237
Long-Term Consequences of Gold Balance Sheets and Later Currency Conversionschapter
238
Legal and Economic Foundations of Liquidation Balance Sheetschapter
239
Capital, Reserves, and Valuation Disputes in Liquidation Opening Balanceschapter
240
Examples and Accounting Entries for Liquidation Balance Sheetschapter
241
Tax Remarks on Liquidation Balance Sheetschapter
242
Balance Sheets for Relocation of the Corporate Seatchapter
243
Balance Sheets for Company Divisions and Subsidiary Formationchapter
244
Rehabilitation Balance Sheet: Forms and Corporate Exampleschapter
245
The Rehabilitation Account and Bookkeeping Exampleschapter
246
Tax-Law Treatment of Rehabilitation Gains and Debt Forgivenesschapter
247
Balance Sheets in Business Combinations and the Concentration Movementchapter
248
Cartel Accounting and Settlement Procedureschapter
249
Accounting for Interest Communitieschapter
250
Interlocking Holdings, Holding Companies, and the Opening Concept of Fusionchapter
251
Legal Definition, Accounting Rules, and Motives for Corporate Fusionchapter
252
The Merger Contract, Capital Procurement, and Share Exchange Ratioschapter
253
Worked Example of Merger Bookkeepingchapter
254
Critical Balance-Sheet Analysis After a Mergerchapter
255
Tax-Law Remarks on Proper and Improper Mergerschapter
256
The Tax Balance Sheettheoretical
257
The Price Balance Sheet and Business-Required Capitaltheoretical
258
Balance Sheet Evaluation and Balance Sheet Analysischapter
259
Balance Sheet Critiquetheoretical
260
Balance Sheet Theories: Static, Dynamic, Organic, and Totaltheoretical
261
Subject Index: A–Bbibliography
262
Subject Index: C–Ebibliography
263
Subject Index: F–Hbibliography
264
Subject Index: I–Kbibliography
265
Subject Index: L–Obibliography
266
Subject Index: P–Rbibliography
267
Subject Index: S–Ubibliography
268
Subject Index: V–Zbibliography