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Grundlegung der theoretischen Staatswirthschaft
1887
by
Sax
Emil Sax
Methodology
Public Finance
Volkswirtschaft
Aristotle
Auguste Comte
Collectivism
Individualism
Adam Smith
Adolf Wagner
David Ricardo
Economic History
Friedrich List
Lorenz von Stein
Price Theory
Division of Labor
Public Goods
Johann Karl Rodbertus
Carl Menger
Exchange Value
Friedrich von Wieser
Marginal Utility
Capital Goods
Capital Theory
Karl Knies
Production Costs
Bureaucracy
Federalism
Progressive Taxation
Taxation
Capitalism
Gemeinwirtschaft
Historical School
Scarcity
Socialism
Friedrich Engels
Property Rights
John Law
Empiricism
Marginal Cost
Feudalism
Frederic Bastiat
Manchester School
Montesquieu
Nassau Senior
Infrastructure
Classical Economics
Welfare State
Political Economy
Protectionism
Albert Schaffle
Capital Accumulation
Class Struggle
Exploitation
Complementary Goods
Economic Goods
Karl Marx
Slavery
Gustav Schmoller
Insurance
Competition
Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk
Inheritance
Subjective Value
Statism
International Trade
Interventionism
Poverty
Hermann Heinrich Gossen
Leon Walras
William Stanley Jevons
National Income
Labor Theory of Value
Wages
Jean-Baptiste Say
Austrian School
Monetary Theory
Supply and Demand
Price Formation
Mathematical Economics
Entrepreneurship
Productivity of Capital
Time Preference
Interest Theory
Economic Calculation
Opportunity Cost
Accounting
Herbert Spencer
Political Philosophy
Economic Policy
John Stuart Mill
Income Distribution
Social Policy
Deficit Spending
Ground Rent
Externalities
Monopoly
Trade Policy
Education
Wilhelm Roscher
Social Justice
Saving
Physiocracy
Table of Contents · 126 segments
1
Title Page and Publication Information
essay
2
Preface
essay
3
Contents Part I: State Economy as Part of Theoretical Economics
chapter
4
Contents Part II: Theories of the Economic Character of State Activity
chapter
5
Contents Part III: Elements of Human Economy
chapter
6
Contents Part IV.1: Need, Good, and Labor in State Economy
chapter
7
Contents Part IV.2: Value and Collectivist Valuation
chapter
8
Contents Part IV.3: Capital, Costs, Yield, Income, and Public Household
chapter
9
Contents Part V: Collectivist Purpose-Setting
chapter
10
Table of Contents: Groups of Collective Valuation Processes (Finance Principles)
chapter
11
Literature Supplement I: State Economy within Theoretical Political Economy and the Individualism–Collectivism Distinction
theoretical
12
Individualism and Collectivism as Elementary Social Forces
theoretical
13
The Essence of Social Elementary Forces and Their Relation to Egoism and Altruism
theoretical
14
The Relation of Individualism and Collectivism
theoretical
15
Empirical Delimitation of Individualism and Collectivism
theoretical
16
Content of a Theory of Collective-Economic Phenomena
theoretical
17
Method and Advantages of the Investigation
theoretical
18
Survey of Prior Theories of the Economic Nature of State Activity
chapter
19
The Cameralist Household Theory of the State
theoretical
20
The Exchange Theory of Taxation and State Activity
theoretical
21
Exchange Theory and the Insurance Theory of the State
theoretical
22
Section 10: The Consumption Theory
theoretical
23
Section 11: The Productivity Theory
theoretical
24
Critique of List’s Productivity Theory of State Activity
theoretical
25
Dietzel’s Capitalistic Production Theory of Public Economy
theoretical
26
Wagner’s Newer Production Theory of State Services
theoretical
27
Critique of the Production Theory of State Services
theoretical
28
Stein’s Reproductivity Theory of State Economy
theoretical
29
Renunciation of Economic Explanation: Ethical and Realist State Theories
theoretical
30
Critique of Exploitation and Organic Theories of the State
theoretical
31
Elements of Human Economy: General Economic Categories
chapter
32
Social-Economic Processes and the Origin of Possession
theoretical
33
The Struggle for Possession
theoretical
34
Unfree and Free Working Communities
theoretical
35
Unfree and Free Labor, Mutualistic Labor Communities, and Exchange
theoretical
36
Division of Labor and Personal Services
theoretical
37
Mutualistic and Altruistic Relations and the Beginning of Individualistic Forms
theoretical
38
Individualistic Social Relations, Private Property, and Private-Economic Categories
theoretical
39
Collectivist Forms of Property, Possession Struggle, and Unfree Labor
theoretical
40
Collectivist Exchange, Division of Labor, and Public Services
theoretical
41
Caste Organization, Hereditary Services, and Modern Public Service Individualism
theoretical
42
Collectivism as Mutualism, Altruism, Welfare, and State Reciprocity
theoretical
43
Group Egoism, Class Interests, and the Dynamics of State Life
theoretical
44
Transition to Chapter IV on Economic Categories in the State Economy
chapter
45
Need, Good, and Labour: The Essence of Need
theoretical
46
The Phenomenon of Collective Need
theoretical
47
Wagner's Common Needs
theoretical
48
Subjective Collective Need in Relation to Individual Needs
theoretical
49
Special Relations Between Collective and Individual Needs
theoretical
50
The Concept and Scope of Goods
theoretical
51
Critique of the State and State Services as Goods
theoretical
52
Excluding Services and Relations from the Concept of Goods
theoretical
53
Critique of Treating Services, Rights, and Relations as Goods
theoretical
54
Public Goods and Forms of Goods in the State Economy
theoretical
55
Labor as an Economic Basic Concept
theoretical
56
Prevailing Theory of Services as Labor
theoretical
57
Critique of State Services as Labor and Division of Labor
theoretical
58
Separation of Services from Labor
theoretical
59
Labor in the State Economy
theoretical
60
Satisfaction of Collective Needs through Goods and Labor
theoretical
61
The Value Phenomenon and Its Collectivist Form
chapter
62
Collectivist Economic Action and the Prototype of Value in the Isolated Economy
theoretical
63
Laws Governing the Magnitude of Value
theoretical
64
Labor Pain as the Minimum Measure of Productively Effective Value
theoretical
65
Individual Value in the Private Economy
theoretical
66
Individual Value Levels, Wealth Inequality, and the Transition to Social Value
theoretical
67
The Social Value Form of Exchange Value
theoretical
68
Reduction of Exchange Value to Individual Value: Opening Definition
theoretical
69
Footnote to §47: Price Theory, Menger, and the Average of Values
footnotes
70
Reduction of Exchange Value to Individual Value: Market Averages and the Critique of Objective Value
theoretical
71
Individual and Exchange Value in Market-Based Goods Procurement
theoretical
72
Market Prices and Individual Value in the Money Economy, Conclusion
theoretical
73
Goods Transfers for Services, Mutualism, and Altruism in Private Economy
theoretical
74
Private Valuation Processes Reappearing in the Collective Economy
theoretical
75
Public Charges as a Form of Collectivist Valuation, Beginning
theoretical
76
Common Property and Collective Valuation
theoretical
77
The Universal Law of Value in State Economy
theoretical
78
Status and Critique of the Capital Concept in State Economy
theoretical
79
The Economic Essence of Capital
theoretical
80
Capital in Private and State Economy
theoretical
81
Opening Definition of Costs as an Economic Category
theoretical
82
§56 The Economic Category of Costs (continued)
theoretical
83
§57 Costs as a Value Phenomenon in Private Production and Other Uses of Goods
theoretical
84
§58 The Phenomenon of Costs in Collective Economy
theoretical
85
Conclusion on Altruistic Transfers and Cost Standards
theoretical
86
Share Valuation and Cost Valuation in State Economy
theoretical
87
Critique of Existing Theories of State Value, Costs, and Production
theoretical
88
Yield and Income in Collective Economy
theoretical
89
Yield and Income in the State Economy
theoretical
90
The Public Household and Temporal Budget Balancing
theoretical
91
Classification of Collectivist Purpose-Settings
theoretical
92
Economic and Extra-Economic Collective Purposes
theoretical
93
Collective Welfare Purposes, Forms of Administration, and Economic Administration
theoretical
94
Finance as the Second Branch of State Economy
theoretical
95
Modern Money Finance and Specific State Revenues
theoretical
96
Relation between Economic Welfare Policy and Public Finance
theoretical
97
Degrees in the Personal Scope of Collective Purposes
theoretical
98
Self-Administration, Delegated Execution, and Economic Unity of Associations
theoretical
99
Temporal Scope of Collective Purposes and Critique of Eternal State Debt
theoretical
100
Particular and Universal Collective Activities by Degree of Participation
theoretical
101
Indirect Effects, Ground Rent, and Classwise Unequal Participation
theoretical
102
Indirect Effects in Particular Collective Activities
theoretical
103
Schema and Gradation of Collective Activity Types
theoretical
104
Refinement and Logical Function of the Classification of Collective Activities
theoretical
105
Collective Valuation Processes and Goods Withdrawals from Private Economies
chapter
106
Public Enterprise as a Particular Collective Activity
theoretical
107
Public Enterprises for Economic Administration and the Railway Example
theoretical
108
Tax Prices, State Monopoly, and Price Differentiation in Public Enterprises
theoretical
109
Public Enterprise Revenue and the Principle of the Public Institution
theoretical
110
Fees and Their Practical Determination
theoretical
111
Clarifying Public Finance Theory through the Distinction between Enterprises and Institutions
theoretical
112
Public Enterprises, Regalia, and Misclassification of State Revenues
theoretical
113
The Economic Theory of Fees and the Problem of Fee Levels
theoretical
114
Critique of Value-of-Service Fee Doctrine
theoretical
115
Generic Universal Collective Activities and Pure Collective Needs
theoretical
116
Taxes in General and the Relative Individual Tax Measure
theoretical
117
Concrete Amount of Tax and Ranking of Collective Needs
theoretical
118
Continuation: Absolute Tax Height, Proper Apportionment, and Tax Relief
theoretical
119
§83: Relationship to Prevailing Tax Theory
theoretical
120
Wagner, Schaeffle, and the Economic Limit of Total Taxation
theoretical
121
Tax Types and the Tax System
theoretical
122
Special Taxes and Narrower Collective Associations
theoretical
123
Special Taxes, Purpose Taxes, and the Distinction from Fees
theoretical
124
Contributions and Levies in Collective Valuation
theoretical
125
Conclusion: State Economy as an Exact Science
theoretical
126
Addendum of Recently Published Works
bibliography