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Business Cycles Vol. I - A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process
1923
by
Schumpeter
Business Cycles
Joseph Schumpeter
Federal Reserve
Gottfried Haberler
John Maynard Keynes
Credit Expansion
Economic History
Entrepreneurship
Innovation
Interest Rates
Price Level
Stock Exchange
Boom and Bust
Equilibrium
Profit and Loss
Central Banking
Protectionism
Taxation
Expectations
Inflation
Methodology
Exchange Rates
Purchasing Power
Overproduction
Velocity of Circulation
Business Cycle Theory
Epistemology
Elasticity of Demand
Productivity
Thorstein Veblen
Arthur Spiethoff
Irving Fisher
Alfred Marshall
Gustav Cassel
International Trade
Leon Walras
Physiocracy
Interest Theory
Stationary Economy
Ragnar Frisch
Joan Robinson
Quantity Theory of Money
Unemployment
Oskar Lange
Frank Knight
Monopolistic Competition
Monopoly
Perfect Competition
Price Theory
Trade Unions
Antoine Augustin Cournot
Cartels
Francis Ysidro Edgeworth
Oligopoly
Arthur Cecil Pigou
Consumer Sovereignty
John Hicks
Capital Accumulation
Friedrich A. Hayek
Investment
Saving
Marginal Cost
Externalities
Creative Destruction
Depreciation
Market Structure
Economic Development
Uncertainty
Competition
Karl Marx
Proletariat
Forced Saving
Planned Economy
Banking
Banknotes
Friedrich List
John Law
Austrian School
Knut Wicksell
Money Market
Natural Rate of Interest
Time Preference
Deflation
Malinvestment
Institutionalism
Socialism
Open Market Operations
Speculation
Economic Recovery
Interventionism
Underconsumption
Mathematical Economics
Industrial Revolution
Public Finance
Acceleration Principle
Jan Tinbergen
Demography
Fixed Capital
Werner Sombart
Gustav Schmoller
Max Weber
Economic Policy
Mercantilism
Property Rights
Adam Smith
Bank of England
Deficit Spending
Monetary Policy
David Ricardo
Jacob Viner
Infrastructure
Customs Union
Fiat Money
Thomas Tooke
Otto von Bismarck
Sozialpolitik
Free Trade
Bimetallism
Gold Standard
Reichsbank
Trade Policy
John Stuart Mill
Subsidies
Fritz Machlup
Capital Movements
Economies of Scale
Social Democracy
Imperialism
Capital Theory
Table of Contents · 126 segments
1
Title Page and Publication Information
essay
2
Preface
essay
3
Contents of Volumes I and II
essay
4
Chapter I, Section A: Business Situations and the Businessman's Normal
chapter
5
Chapter I, Section B: External Factors
chapter
6
Chapter I, Section C: The Importance of External Factors
chapter
7
Chapter I, Section D: Common-sense Semeiology
chapter
8
Continuation of Business-Cycle Symptoms List
theoretical
9
Elementary Critique and Treatment of Series Representing Business-Cycle Symptoms
theoretical
10
Empirical Linking of Factors or Symptoms
theoretical
11
Chapter II: Equilibrium and the Theoretical Norm of Economic Quantities — The Meaning of a Model
chapter
12
Analytic Tools, Theory, and False Verification
theoretical
13
The Fundamental Question of Business-Cycle Causation
theoretical
14
The Stationary Flow as Baseline Model
theoretical
15
Equilibrium and the Theoretical Norm: Stationary Economy and Production Function
theoretical
16
Complications and Clarifications: Dynamic Relations and Technological Lags
theoretical
17
Equilibrium and the Theoretical Norm: General, Partial, and Aggregative Equilibrium
theoretical
18
Lag Effects, Cobweb Dynamics, Provisional Equilibria, and Friction
theoretical
19
Price Rigidity, Expectations, and Imperfect Competition through Bilateral Monopoly
theoretical
20
Oligopoly, Agreement, and Product Differentiation
theoretical
21
Monopolistic Competition, Product Differentiation, and Excess Capacity
theoretical
22
Equilibrium Economics and the Study of Business Fluctuations
theoretical
23
Chapter III: Internal Factors of Economic Evolution and Changes in Taste
chapter
24
Growth, Saving, Investment, and the Limits of Oversaving Explanations
theoretical
25
Innovation Distinguished from Invention and Defined as Economic Evolution
theoretical
26
Innovation as a New Production Function and Cost-Curve Replacement
theoretical
27
Increasing Costs, Lumpy Factors, and Internal and External Economies
theoretical
28
Innovation Through New Plant, New Firms, New Men, and Trustified Capitalism
theoretical
29
Business Horizons, Innovation Clusters, and Disharmonious Economic Evolution
theoretical
30
The Entrepreneur and His Profit
theoretical
31
The Role of Money and Banking in the Process of Evolution
theoretical
32
Credit Creation by Banks: Fiat, Banking Theories, Independence, and Monetary Limits
theoretical
33
Interest, Money Market, and Capital as Monetary Phenomena
theoretical
34
Chapter IV: The Contours of Economic Evolution—First Approximation
chapter
35
Looking at the Skeleton: Innovation, Prosperity, Recession, and Rival Cycle Explanations
theoretical
36
Looking at the Skeleton: Welfare, Periodicity, Aggregates, and Institutional Assumptions
theoretical
37
The Secondary Wave: Speculation, Credit Expansion, and Debt-Deflation
theoretical
38
The Secondary Wave: Crisis, Abnormal Liquidation, Depression, and Recovery
theoretical
39
The Recovery Point and Depressive Spirals
theoretical
40
Four-Phase Cycle Structure and the Opening of the Second Approximation
theoretical
41
Second Approximation: Cyclical Industries, Saving, Credit, and Unemployment
theoretical
42
Many Simultaneous Cycles and the Historical Shift from Crises to Waves
theoretical
43
Long Waves, Kitchin Cycles, and Periodogram Evidence
theoretical
44
Theoretical Grounds for Multiple Cycles and the Kondratieff-Juglar-Kitchin Scheme
theoretical
45
Three-cycle schema: status, historical meaning, and nested interference
theoretical
46
Other fluctuations: introductory distinction from innovation cycles
theoretical
47
External and special cycles: war finance, gold production, and harvests
theoretical
48
Waves of adaptation and oscillations: random shocks, cumulation, and wave equations
theoretical
49
Waves of Adaptation: Hesitations and Vibrations
theoretical
50
Lagged Adaptation and the Limits of Pure Oscillation Theory
theoretical
51
Macrodynamic Lag Models: Amoroso, Vinci, Kalecki, and Frisch
theoretical
52
Replacement of Industrial Equipment and Endogenous Replacement Waves
theoretical
53
The Hobby-Horse Bulge Argument and Its Critique
theoretical
54
Chapter V Introduction: Time Series, Normals, and Historical Variables
chapter
55
Limits of Formal Time-Series Analysis and the Principle of Economic Meaning
theoretical
56
Meanings of Trend: Initial Definitions and Excluded Uses
theoretical
57
Descriptive Trends: Smoothing, Curve Fitting, and Limits of Detrending
theoretical
58
Secular, Real, Reference, and Special Trends
theoretical
59
A Single Cyclical Movement: Statistical Normal, Result Trend, and Frisch’s Method
theoretical
60
Many Simultaneous Waves: Kondratieff, Juglar, Kitchin, and Normal Points
theoretical
61
Chapter VI: Historical Outlines
chapter
62
I.A. Historical Approach to Cyclical Economic Evolution
chapter
63
I.B.1 Definition of Capitalism by Credit Creation
chapter
64
I.B.2 Dating Business Cycles before the Eighteenth Century
chapter
65
I.B.3 Historic Continuity, Innovation, and Original Accumulation
chapter
66
I.C. Precious Metals, American Silver, and Sixteenth-Century Inflation
chapter
67
Mercantilism, Statecraft, and State Entrepreneurship
chapter
68
Princely Expenditure and the English Economic Background
chapter
69
Agricultural Innovation, Enclosures, and Entrepreneurial Activity in England
chapter
70
Woolen Textiles and Entrepreneurial Organization beyond Agriculture
chapter
71
Early English Industrialization, Technology Transfer, and Production Functions
chapter
72
Resistance, Monopoly, and Corporate Commercial Enterprise in Early Modern England
chapter
73
Government Finance, Joint Stock Capitalism, and the South Sea Bubble
chapter
74
John Law as Entrepreneur-Banker and the Mississippi System
chapter
75
The Long Wave of 1787–1842 and the Meaning of the Industrial Revolution
chapter
76
External Disturbances, the Napoleonic Wars, and the Persistence of Cyclical Evolution
chapter
77
Protection, American Tariffs, and Cyclical Development
chapter
78
Inflation, Deflation, and Monetary Policy in the First Kondratieff
chapter
79
Agriculture in England, Germany, and the United States during the Kondratieff
chapter
80
English Industrial Enterprise, Cotton Textiles, Innovation, Railways, and Joint Stock Promotion
chapter
81
Germany: Kondratieff Prosperity, State Enterprise, and Mining-Led Industrialization
chapter
82
United States: Growth, Industrial Innovation, Canals, Railroads, and the First Kondratieff
chapter
83
Credit Creation, Banking, and Innovation Finance in Germany, England, and the United States
chapter
84
Locating English Juglars in the First Kondratieff
chapter
85
Crises of 1825–1826 and 1836–1839
chapter
86
American and German Juglars in the First Kondratieff
chapter
87
Opening of Chapter VII: The Second Long Wave and Railroadization
chapter
88
The Second Kondratieff as the Bourgeois Era
chapter
89
English Free Trade, Banking, and Company Law
chapter
90
German Integration, Banking, Currency, and Joint-Stock Reform
chapter
91
United States Tariffs, Banking Reform, and Bourgeois Fiscal Policy
chapter
92
External Political Disturbances, Wars, and the Franco-Prussian Indemnity
chapter
93
The American Civil War, Greenbacks, and Postwar Cyclical Adjustment
chapter
94
Silver Politics, Treasury Sterilization, and the Road to the Gold Standard
chapter
95
American Agriculture, Cheap Bread, Machinery, Railroads, and Falling Prices
chapter
96
English and German Agricultural Depression under Foreign Competition
chapter
97
Railroadization as the Backbone of the Bourgeois Kondratieff
chapter
98
Railroad Financing, Land Grants, Credit Creation, and the Illinois Central Case
chapter
99
Diagnosis of the Crisis of 1857 and the Civil War Prelude
chapter
100
Post-Civil War Railroad Boom and the Crisis of 1873
chapter
101
Recovery, Long Depression, and the Final Railroad Juglars
chapter
102
Railroad Development in England during the Bourgeois Kondratieff
chapter
103
German Railroads, Promotion Banks, and State Railway Policy
chapter
104
German Manufacturing, Heavy Industry, Chemicals, Electricity, and the Long Depression
chapter
105
England: Foreign Trade, Capital Export, and Shipping in the Bourgeois Kondratieff
chapter
106
England: Coal, Iron, Steel, Machinery, and Standardization
chapter
107
England: Textile Industries, Wool, Cotton, and Competitive Adaptation
chapter
108
England: Juglar Cycle Chronology from 1852 to 1897
chapter
109
United States: Railroads, Shipping, Coal, Petroleum, and Gas
chapter
110
United States: Iron, Steel, Machinery, Agriculture, Sewing Machines, and Shoes
chapter
111
United States: Textiles, Chemicals, Sugar, Tobacco, Glass, Cement, Paper, and Rubber
chapter
112
United States: Electrical Industry, Telephones, Electric Power, Street Railways, and General Electric
chapter
113
United States: Calendar of Juglar Phases, 1843–1897
chapter
114
Third Kondratieff Opening: Electricity and Neomercantilist Social Change
chapter
115
Neomercantilism, Armaments, Gold Frictions, and Prewar Political Economy
chapter
116
Agricultural Developments in the Third Kondratieff
chapter
117
Railroad Completion, Consolidation, Trustified Capitalism, and Finance-Capital Debate
chapter
118
Union Pacific, Holding Companies, Speculation, and the 1907 Crisis
chapter
119
Industrial Mergers, Entrepreneurial Profit, and the United States Steel Corporation
chapter
120
Electric Power as the Backbone of the Third Kondratieff
chapter
121
Steam Engineering and the Rise of the Automobile Industry
chapter
122
Rubber, Petroleum, Glass, Cement, and Textiles in the Third Kondratieff
chapter
123
Steel, Copper, and Aluminum in the Third Kondratieff
chapter
124
Cyclical Dating of 1898–1914 and the 1907 Irregularity
theoretical
125
Financial Causes of 1907 and the Use-Abuse Distinction
theoretical
126
England and Germany in the Kondratieff Upswing, 1897–1914
chapter