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Grundriss der Politischen Ökonomie Bd. 2 Teil 2 Volkswirtschaftspolitik

1920

by Philippovich

Eugen von PhilippovichPolitical EconomyPovertySocial PolicyBankingInsuranceReal IncomeTrade PolicyCollective BargainingProfit and LossWagesInfrastructureStock ExchangeAdam SmithDivision of LaborGustav SchmollerIndustrial RevolutionInternational TradeJohann Heinrich von ThunenLujo BrentanoProduction CostsWerner SombartAlbert SchaffleAdolf WagnerCompetitionTaxationNationalizationAccountingMarginal CostEmil SaxImmanuel KantInterventionismGeopoliticsAgricultureEconomic PolicyProtectionismFriedrich ListKarl KniesSubsidiesPublic FinanceEconomies of ScaleSupply and DemandFree TradeUnemploymentSozialpolitikCooperativesCapitalismSpeculationPrice TheoryUsuryPublic HealthLabor LawLabor MarketEmil LedererKarl BucherCentral BankingDiscount RateMoney MarketReichsbankBank of FranceCapital MovementsBank of EnglandWalter BagehotFederalismFiat MoneyFederal ReserveCartelsMonopolyRudolf HilferdingGold ReservesPrice FormationMax WeberJohn LawExchange RatesInvestmentUncertaintyClassical EconomicsIncome DistributionLaissez-fairePhysiocracyJean Charles Léonard de SismondiProductivityCapital AccumulationSocial JusticeTrade UnionsGuildsBureaucracyLabor MobilityInnovationProperty RightsDavid RicardoJohn Stuart MillKarl MarxMinimum WageAlfred MarshallGround RentKarl KautskyStandard of LivingJohann Karl RodbertusLiberalismOthmar SpannDemography

Table of Contents · 275 segments

1
Title Page, Edition Statement, Publication Data, and Copyrightessay
2
Preface to the First through Third Editionsessay
3
Preface to the Fourth Editionessay
4
Preface to the Fifth Editionessay
5
Table of Contents and List of Abbreviationsbibliography
6
Functions and Economic Effects of Transport Meanstheoretical
7
Development of Land Routes before Railwayschapter
8
Development of Inland Navigation before Railways and Steamshipschapter
9
Development of Seafaring before Steamship Navigationchapter
10
Postal Organization: Ancient Origins, State Monopoly, and Uniform Postagechapter
11
Telegraphy, Telephony, Submarine Cables, and Wireless Communicationchapter
12
Bibliography on Post, Telegraphy, Telephony, and International Communicationsbibliography
13
Railways in the New Transport Epochchapter
14
Bibliography on Railway History, Transport Media, and Railway Statisticsbibliography
15
Steam Navigation: Steamships, Iron Shipbuilding, Merchant Fleets, and Ocean Freightchapter
16
Bibliography on Steam Navigation, Seafaring Technology, and World Portsbibliography
17
Railways: Organization and Policy (Opening Heading)chapter
18
Classification of Railways and the Interests Involvedchapter
19
Bibliography on Railway Classification and Small Railwaysbibliography
20
The Administrative Principle of Railwayschapter
21
The Concessioning of Private Railwayschapter
22
Bibliography on Railway Concessionsbibliography
23
State Promotion of Private Railwayschapter
24
Bibliography on State Subsidies for Private Railwaysbibliography
25
Theoretical Arguments for and against State and Private Railway Systemstheoretical
26
Bibliography on State and Private Railway Systemsbibliography
27
Railway Policy in Europe and the United States: Preliminary Remarkschapter
28
Railway Policy in the German Empirechapter
29
Bibliography on German Railway Policybibliography
30
Railway Policy in Austria and Hungarychapter
31
Bibliography on Austrian and Hungarian Railwaysbibliography
32
Railway Policy in Great Britainchapter
33
Bibliography on British Railway Policybibliography
34
Railway Policy in Francechapter
35
Bibliography on French Railway Policybibliography
36
Railway Policy in Italychapter
37
Bibliography on Italian Railway Policybibliography
38
Railway Policy in the United Stateschapter
39
Bibliography on North American Railwaysbibliography
40
Railway Policy in Other Countrieschapter
41
Bibliography on Comparative Railway Policybibliography
42
Situation of Railway Employees and Railway Labor Regulationchapter
43
Railway Tariffs: Basic Definitions and Typestheoretical
44
Principles of Railway Tariff Formation: Costs and Valuetheoretical
45
Bibliography on Railway Tariff Costs and Constructionbibliography
46
Railway Tariff Systems: Classification, Wagon Space, Mixed, and Zone Tariffstheoretical
47
References on Mixed Railway Tariff Systemsbibliography
48
Differential Railway Tariffstheoretical
49
Bibliography for Differential Tariffsbibliography
50
Direct Tariffs, Tariff Associations, and Tariff Cartelstheoretical
51
Bibliography for Direct Tariffs and Transition to Tariff Policybibliography
52
State Sovereignty and Legal Control over Railway Tariffschapter
53
References on State Relations to Private Railway Tariff Systemsbibliography
54
Development of Freight Tariffs in Germany and Austriachapter
55
Bibliography on German and Austrian Freight Tariffsbibliography
56
Passenger Tariffs and Passenger Fare Reformchapter
57
References on Passenger Tariff Policy, Passenger Porto, and Zone Tariffsbibliography
58
Railways as instruments of economic policychapter
59
References on railways, tariff policy, and transport systemsbibliography
60
Inland waterways: definition, classification, and technical revivalchapter
61
Extent of inland waterways in Great Britain, Ireland, and Francechapter
62
Inland waterways in Germany, Europe, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and the United Stateschapter
63
Economic advantages and limits of inland shipping versus railwayschapter
64
Panama Canal, world trade routes, and Austrian-Hungarian commercial prospectschapter
65
References on inland waterways, canals, and Panama Canal economicsbibliography
66
Administration of inland waterways and the question of dueschapter
67
Inland Waterway Charges and Transport-Finance Principlesessay
68
Bibliography on Inland Waterway Chargesbibliography
69
Development of Maritime Shipping in the Nineteenth Centurychapter
70
Bibliography on the Development of Maritime Shippingbibliography
71
Free Shipping, Liner Shipping, and Global Ocean Routesessay
72
Bibliography on Ocean Commerce, Liner Shipping, and the Panama Canalbibliography
73
Large Shipping Companieschapter
74
Bibliography on Shipping Company Organization and Profitabilitybibliography
75
Shipping Rateschapter
76
Bibliography on Shipping Rates and Ocean Transport Tariffsbibliography
77
Ports: Natural Location, River Harbors, Ship Draught, and Infrastructure Expansionchapter
78
Port Administration, Free-Port Customs Treatment, Fees, and Operational Efficiencychapter
79
Ports as Trade Centers: Hinterland, Shipping Lines, and Traffic Statisticschapter
80
Bibliography on European Ports and Free Portsbibliography
81
The State and Maritime Shipping: Public Interest, Ship Police, and Sea Safetychapter
82
Maritime Policy: Navigation Acts, Flag Privileges, and Shipbuilding or Voyage Premiumschapter
83
Postal Steamer Subsidies, Critiques, and National Shipping Support Systemschapter
84
Bibliography on Maritime Shipping Policy and Steamer Subsidiesbibliography
85
Maritime labor after the shift from sail to steamchapter
86
Seamen’s wages, foreign labor, and employment insecurityessay
87
Working time, shipboard welfare, seamen’s offices, and hiring abuseschapter
88
Seamen’s organizations and comparative social protectionchapter
89
Bibliography on maritime laborbibliography
90
Definition and branches of tradetheoretical
91
Development of forms of tradechapter
92
Economic significance and criticism of tradetheoretical
93
Bibliography on trade and transition to retail-trade policybibliography
94
Trade and Consumer Cooperativeschapter
95
Bibliography on Consumer Cooperativesbibliography
96
Department Stores and Retail Trade Policychapter
97
Bibliography on Department Storesbibliography
98
Mail-Order Businesses and Traveling Retail Agentschapter
99
Installment Sales and Hire-Purchase Contractschapter
100
Bibliography on Installment Tradebibliography
101
Itinerant Trades and Peddlingchapter
102
Bibliography for Itinerant Tradesbibliography
103
Combating Unfair Competitionchapter
104
Bibliography for Unfair Competitionbibliography
105
Foodstuffs Police and Market Inspectionchapter
106
Bibliography for Foodstuffs Policebibliography
107
The Position of Commercial Employeeschapter
108
Bibliography for Commercial Employeesbibliography
109
Second Section: Bankschapter
110
Tasks and Types of Bankschapter
111
Bibliography on the Tasks and Types of Banksbibliography
112
The Deposit Businesschapter
113
Bibliography on Deposit Businessbibliography
114
The Discount Businesschapter
115
Bibliography on Discount Businessbibliography
116
The Lombard Businesschapter
117
Current-Account Credit and Acceptance Creditchapter
118
Bibliography on Current-Account and Acceptance Creditbibliography
119
The Commission Businesschapter
120
Bibliography on Commission Businessbibliography
121
Promotion and Emission Businesschapter
122
Bibliography on Promotion and Emission Businessbibliography
123
Development of Contemporary Banks: Banks in Great Britainchapter
124
Bibliography for British Bankingbibliography
125
Banks in Germany and Austriachapter
126
Bibliography for German and Austrian Bankingbibliography
127
Banks in Francechapter
128
Bibliography for French Bankingbibliography
129
Banks in the United States before the Federal Reserve Reformchapter
130
The American Bank Reform and the Glass-Owen Actchapter
131
Bibliography for American Banking Reformbibliography
132
Concentration in Bankingchapter
133
Bibliography for Concentration in Bankingbibliography
134
Banks and Industrychapter
135
Bibliography for Banks and Industrybibliography
136
Bank Policy, State Regulation, and State Credit Institutionschapter
137
Bibliography for Bank Policy and State Credit Institutionsbibliography
138
Credit Banks and Note Bankschapter
139
Bibliography for Credit Banks and Note Banksbibliography
140
The Nature of Exchangeschapter
141
Bibliography for the Nature of Exchangesbibliography
142
History of Stock Exchangeschapter
143
Bibliography for the History of Exchangesbibliography
144
Organization and Legal Regulation of Exchangeschapter
145
Bibliography for Exchange Organization and Lawbibliography
146
Exchange Traders, Brokers, Sensals, and the Coulissechapter
147
Bibliography for Exchange Traders and Brokersbibliography
148
Currency, Foreign Exchange, and Bill Trading on Securities Exchangeschapter
149
Securities Acquisition as Investment and Speculationchapter
150
Bibliography for Securities Investment and Speculationbibliography
151
Securities Term Transactions and Futures Tradingchapter
152
Bibliography for Securities Trading Technique and Futuresbibliography
153
The Significance of the Securities Exchangetheoretical
154
Banks and the Stock Exchangetheoretical
155
Literature on Banks and the Stock Exchangebibliography
156
Commodity Futures Trading: Origins, Technique, Standardization, and Clearingtheoretical
157
Commodity Futures Trading: Price Discovery, Advantages, Criticism, and Legal Restrictionstheoretical
158
Literature on Commodity Futures and Produce Exchangesbibliography
159
Stock Exchange Reform: Abuses, State Regulation, Admissions, and Foreign Securitiestheoretical
160
Stock Exchange Reform: Quotations, Commission Business, Term Trading, and Government Supervisiontheoretical
161
Literature on Stock Exchange Reform and Speculation Lawbibliography
162
Opening of Book Six: Income Policychapter
163
The Nature of Income Policytheoretical
164
Direct Income Policytheoretical
165
Indirect Income Policytheoretical
166
Difficulties of a Unified Income Policytheoretical
167
The State, Private Organization, and Income Policytheoretical
168
Labor Income Policy and Poor Relief; Opening of the Labor Income Sectionchapter
169
Systems of Employment Placement: Definition, Unorganized Search, Guilds, and Commercial Agencieschapter
170
Occupational, Worker, Employer, Parity, Guild, and Charitable Labor Exchangeschapter
171
Public Labor Exchanges, Municipal Organization, Interlocal Coordination, and International Statisticschapter
172
Bibliography on Labor Exchange Systemsbibliography
173
Measured Performance of Employment Placement Systems in Germanychapter
174
Evaluation of Guild, Worker, Employer, and Public Labor Exchangeschapter
175
General Lessons, Advantages of Public Labor Exchanges, Free Service, and Strikeschapter
176
Bibliography on the Performance of Labor Exchange Systemsbibliography
177
Need for Regulating Labor Exchanges and Their Limited Role in Unemploymentchapter
178
Regulation of Commercial Employment Agencies and Abuses in Private Placementchapter
179
Preferred Organization and International Legislation on Public Labor Exchangeschapter
180
Bibliography on Legal Regulation of Labor Exchanges and Transition to Unemployment Assistancebibliography
181
Unemployment: Definition, Causes, and Structural Interpretationchapter
182
Extent of Unemployment and Comparative Labor-Market Statisticschapter
183
Bibliography on Unemployment and Unemployment Insurancebibliography
184
Measures for Removing Unemployment: Public Works, Work-Sharing, and the Right to Workchapter
185
Measures for Mitigating the Consequences of Unemployment: Support Funds and Insurance Schemeschapter
186
Bibliography on Unemployment Relief and Insurance Systemsbibliography
187
Unemployment Insurancechapter
188
Literature on Unemployment Insurancebibliography
189
Compulsory Saving as an Alternative to Unemployment Insurancechapter
190
Worker Insurance against Incapacity: Preconditionschapter
191
The Insurance Principle and Compulsory Insurancechapter
192
Literature and Debates on Compulsory Worker Insurancebibliography
193
German Reich health insurance under the Reich Insurance Codechapter
194
Health insurance in Austria, Great Britain, and other stateschapter
195
Bibliography on sickness insurance and workers insurancebibliography
196
German accident insurance: rationale, scope, organization, benefits, and financingchapter
197
Accident insurance in Austria and comparative international legislationchapter
198
Bibliography on accident insurance financing and compensationbibliography
199
German invalidity, old-age, and survivors insurancechapter
200
International old-age and invalidity insurance: Francechapter
201
International Old-Age and Invalidity Insurance Schemes, Continuation of §96chapter
202
Bibliography for Invalidity and Old-Age Insurancebibliography
203
Common Provisions of the German Reich Insurance Codechapter
204
Effects of Workers’ Insurancechapter
205
Bibliography for the Effects of Workers’ Insurancebibliography
206
Pension Insurance for Private Employeeschapter
207
Bibliography for Pension Insurance of Private Employeesbibliography
208
The task of wage policytheoretical
209
Main wage forms and free wage formation: time wages and piece wagestheoretical
210
Bibliography on wage forms and remuneration methodsbibliography
211
Free Wage Contract, Worker Coalitions, Strikes and Lockoutstheoretical
212
Organization, Strike Statistics, Employer Associations, and Conflict Disciplinetheoretical
213
Economic Costs of Strikes and the 1912 British Coal Striketheoretical
214
Boycott, Blacklists, and the Maturation of Strike Powertheoretical
215
Bibliography on Strikes, Lockouts, Boycotts, and Labor Conflictbibliography
216
Tariff Agreements and Private Arbitrationtheoretical
217
International Spread and Limits of Tariff Contractstheoretical
218
Bibliography on Tariff Agreements, Labor Contracts, and Arbitrationbibliography
219
Systems of Wage-Benefit Arrangementschapter
220
Premium Wage Systemstheoretical
221
Bibliography on Premium Wage Systemsbibliography
222
Profit Sharing: Definition and Rationaletheoretical
223
Profit Sharing: Rules of Implementationtheoretical
224
Profit Sharing: Benefits, Limits, and Labor-Capital Conflicttheoretical
225
Sliding Wage Scales in English Coal and Iron Industriestheoretical
226
Historical Origins and Leclaire’s Profit-Sharing Enterprisetheoretical
227
Godin’s Worker Ownership and Profit-Distribution Schemetheoretical
228
Abbe’s Carl Zeiss Foundation and Later Profit-Sharing Proposalstheoretical
229
Bibliography on Profit Sharingbibliography
230
The Minimum Wage: Forms, Limits, and Living-Wage Rationaletheoretical
231
Bibliography on Minimum Wagesbibliography
232
Wages in Public Administration Enterprises and Stabilized Employmenttheoretical
233
Bibliography on Public-Sector Wage Stabilizationbibliography
234
Authoritative Wage Determination, Public Procurement Clauses, and Compulsory Arbitrationtheoretical
235
Bibliography on Authoritative Wage Determination and Public Submissionsbibliography
236
Opening Heading for Wage Security and Real Wageschapter
237
Wage Security and the Truck Systemchapter
238
Bibliography on Wage Protection and the Truck Systembibliography
239
Household Budgets, Real Wages, Public Services, and Cost of Living among the Lower Classeschapter
240
Bibliography on Consumption, Wages, and Cost of Livingbibliography
241
Food Policy, Consumer Cooperatives, and Alcohol Expenditurechapter
242
Bibliography on Consumer Cooperatives and Productive Cooperationbibliography
243
Urban Housing Defects and Main Directions of Housing Policychapter
244
History, Organizations, and Debates of Housing Reformchapter
245
Bibliography on the Housing Question and Tenancy Law Reformbibliography
246
Urban Building Plans, Building Regulations, and Expropriationchapter
247
Housing Legislation, Inspection, and Municipal Housing Officeschapter
248
Bibliography on Housing Care and Housing Inspectionbibliography
249
Economics of Cheap Housing, Land Prices, and Private Constructionchapter
250
Public, Municipal, and Employer Provision of Housingchapter
251
Nonprofit Housing, Building Cooperatives, and Housing Creditchapter
252
Housing Policy Continuation: State Housing Laws and International Modelschapter
253
Private Capital, Building Costs, and the Debate on Urban Land Speculationchapter
254
The Scale and Limits of Nonprofit Housing Constructionchapter
255
Poverty: Definition and Causeschapter
256
Statistics on Poverty, Poor Relief, and Urban-Rural Differenceschapter
257
Bibliography for Poverty and Poor Relief Statisticsbibliography
258
Early Christian and Medieval Poor Reliefchapter
259
Reformation, Municipal Poor Relief, and German Poor-Law Reformchapter
260
English Poor Law from Elizabeth to the 1834 Reformchapter
261
French Poor Relief and Public Assistancechapter
262
Bibliography for the History of Poor Reliefbibliography
263
Compulsory and Voluntary Poor Reliefchapter
264
Bibliography on Compulsory and Voluntary Poor Reliefbibliography
265
Poor Relief and General Social Assistancechapter
266
Child and Youth Welfare, Infant Protection, and Professional Guardianshipchapter
267
Debates and Austrian Reforms in Social Poor Relief and Youth Welfarechapter
268
Bibliography on Child Protection and Youth Welfarebibliography
269
Administration of Poor Reliefchapter
270
Bibliography on the Administration of Poor Reliefbibliography
271
Poor Relief in Germanychapter
272
Bibliography on German Poor Reliefbibliography
273
Poor Relief in Austriachapter
274
Bibliography for Poor Relief in Austriabibliography
275
Register (Subject Index)bibliography