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Die öffentlichen Glückspiele

Rudolf Sieghart · 1899

Die öffentlichen Glückspiele

52 sections
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Rudolf Sieghart, Die öffentlichen Glückspiele (1899) — Summary

Rudolf Sieghart’s Die öffentlichen Glückspiele is a reformist monograph on public gambling as a historical, legal, fiscal, statistical, and administrative problem. Centered on Austria but comparative in scope, it treats lotteries, betting, concessions, and game taxes not merely as moral questions but as institutions through which the state shapes popular conduct and raises revenue.

Sie will die Vergangenheit und Gegenwart der Glückspiele schildern, um daraus eine feste Richtlinie für deren künftige Umgestaltung zu gewinnen.

English translation: It seeks to portray the past and present of games of chance, in order thereby to gain a firm guideline for their future reshaping.

The book’s central move is to shift attention from individual vice to public responsibility. Gambling persists because it speaks to a durable psychological structure: the player is neither simply calculating nor simply impulsive, but moved by a mixture of hope, desire, imagined probability, and economic temptation.

In diesem seelischen Vorgange, der halb Trieb, halb Erwägung ist, liegt die Erklärung für den Erfolg der meisten Glückspiele.

English translation: In this psychological process, which is half impulse and half calculation, lies the explanation for the success of most games of chance.

This psychology makes neutrality impossible. If public authority licenses, advertises, farms out, or profits from games of chance, it does more than tolerate an existing appetite; it organizes and intensifies it. Sieghart therefore reads modern gambling as a form of political economy. Ancient public games could be defended as spectacle or popular amusement, but the modern lottery is designed to produce revenue.

Der Unternehmer der Spiele in Rom wollte eine Volksbelustigung, der der modernen Glückspiele will eine Volksbesteuerung, einen Ertrag.

English translation: The organizer of the games in Rome sought a public amusement; the organizer of modern games of chance seeks a public taxation, a revenue.

The Austrian case gives this argument its sharpest form. Sieghart connects strong gambling habits with comparatively weak saving habits and argues that the state must not finance itself by exploiting precisely those dispositions that sound social policy should restrain. Gambling revenue is thus ethically compromised because it is raised by stimulating hopes among populations least able to bear the loss.

Aus dieser Gegenüberstellung der Spiel- und Sparthätigkeit folgt, dass der Staat bei dem so starken Spielsinne und dem verhältnismäßig so schwachen Sparsinne der österreichischen Bevölkerung jede Förderung des Spielgeistes auf das peinlichste vermeiden muss.

English translation: From this juxtaposition of gambling and saving activity it follows that, given the very strong gambling instinct and the relatively weak saving instinct of the Austrian population, the state must most scrupulously avoid any encouragement of the gambling spirit.

Much of the book’s force comes from its administrative detail. Sieghart examines how lottery systems are organized, how concessions operate, how stakes and winnings are taxed, and how foreign legal regimes regulate or suppress public games. His verdict on the number lottery is especially severe: historically entrenched and fiscally productive though it may be, it stands for him as the clearest case of public finance built upon cultivated illusion.

Über das Zahlenlotto sind die Acten geschlossen.

English translation: On the number-lottery the files are closed.

The later sections and appendices deepen rather than soften this judgment. Mathematical comparisons show how dearly players purchase the mere expectation of gain; fiscal analysis shows how apparently technical instruments, such as taxes on cards, bets, and winnings, bind gambling to the ordinary machinery of public revenue. Sieghart is pragmatic about imperfect taxes, but uncompromising toward systems that give private concessionaires incentives to expand demand. Where profit-seeking intermediaries control public gambling privileges, administration becomes promotion.

The significance of Die öffentlichen Glückspiele lies in this combination of moral critique and institutional analysis. Sieghart anticipates later arguments about lotteries as regressive public finance: the problem is not only that players lose, but that the state learns to profit from encouraging them to hope irrationally. Reform must therefore reduce temptation, prevent private exploitation, and judge gambling policy by its effects on saving, labor, household economy, and civic responsibility—not by revenue alone.

Sections

This work was divided into 52 sections when it entered the library's research corpus—an apparatus for search and citation, not necessarily the author's own table of contents. Each title opens its summary.

  1. 1Dedication and Title Page▾
  2. 2Preface▾
  3. 3Table of Contents▾
  4. 4Introduction: Definition and Classification of Games of Chance▾
  5. 5Lottery Typology and Ancient Roman Precursors▾
  6. 6Roman Law, Canonist Doctrine, and the Italian Birth of Lotteries▾
  7. 7French Adoption, Royal Lottery, and Abolition▾
  8. 8Dutch and English Lottery Development▾
  9. 9German and Austrian Lotteries, Glückshäfen, and the Fiscal Monopoly▾
  10. 10Public Games of Chance in Austria as Consequences of Mercantilism▾
  11. 11Chapter II: The Class Lotteries of the Oriental Company▾
  12. 12Chapter III: Raffles of Movable Goods▾
  13. 13Concept, Odds, Risk Limits, and Origins of the Numbers Lotto▾
  14. 14Origins and First Lease Period of the Austrian Numbers Lotto, 1753–1763▾
  15. 15Second Lease Period: Cataldi, Calzabigi, Zinzendorf, and Reform Proposals, 1763–1770▾
  16. 16Third Lease Period: Baratta, Wetzlar, Expansion, Competition, and Regional Resistance, 1770–1778▾
  17. 17Fourth Lease Period and Aggregate Results of the Leasing System, 1778–1787▾
  18. 18State Takeover and the First Abolition Attempts▾
  19. 19The Lottery Patent of 13 March 1813 and Administrative Abuses▾
  20. 20Reform Attempts of the 1840s and the Latest Development of the Austrian Numbers Lotto▾
  21. 21Statistics of the Austrian Numbers Lotto: Sources, Revenues, Expenditures, and Surpluses▾
  22. 22Statistics of Stakes, Collectures, Seasonal Play, and Minor Revenues▾
  23. 23Statistics of Winnings, Unclaimed Prizes, Collector Provisions, and Administrative Costs▾
  24. 24Net Collection, Per-Capita Lottery Tribute, and the Relation to Savings▾
  25. 25The Question of Abolishing the Numbers Lotto▾
  26. 26The Numbers Lotto in Italy▾
  27. 27Historical Background of Austrian Property Lotteries and the Paper-Money Crisis▾
  28. 28Austrian Property Lotteries: Law, Banking Intermediation, Valuation Abuse, and Abolition▾
  29. 29State Charity Lotteries as the Replacement for Private Property Lotteries▾
  30. 30Chapter VI: The Mechanics of Lottery Loans▾
  31. 31State Lottery Loans and the Taxation of Gambling▾
  32. 32Private Lottery Loans in Austria▾
  33. 33The Loss-Ban Law and Financial-Political Assessment of Lottery Loans▾
  34. 34Chapter VII: The Promesse and Installment-Lottery Business▾
  35. 35Technique of Class Lotteries and the Prussian Class Lottery▾
  36. 36Class Lotteries in Other German States and the Reich Lottery Debate▾
  37. 37The Austrian Question and the Hungarian Class Lottery▾
  38. 38Dutch and Danish Class Lotteries▾
  39. 39Spanish and Serbian Class Lotteries and the Case Against Class Lotteries▾
  40. 40Chapter IX: Toward a Theory of Gambling▾
  41. 41Appendices 1-2: Vienna and Graz Silver Luck Pots▾
  42. 42Appendix 3: Mechanics of the Austrian Numbers Lotto▾
  43. 43Appendices 4-6: Hungarian and Austrian Lotto Revenue Accounts▾
  44. 44Appendices 7-8: Provincial Lotto Surpluses and Play Entries▾
  45. 45Appendices 9-12: Monthly Play, Net Collections, Per Capita Burden, and Savings Comparison▾
  46. 46Appendix 13: Taxation of Games and Wagers in Austria▾
  47. 47Appendices 14-15: Foreign Prize Loans and Vienna-Listed Lottery Bonds▾
  48. 48Appendix 16: Austrian Laws on Promissory Lottery Transactions, Prize Bonds, and Installment Sales▾
  49. 49Appendices 17-18: Prussian Class Lottery Accounts and Expected-Value Analysis▾
  50. 50Conclusion of Expected-Value Calculations for the Class Lottery▾
  51. 51Practical Proposals for Creating an Interest Lottery▾
  52. 52List of Used Archival Records and Printed Works▾

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