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Die wirtschaftliche Energie. Erster Theil: System der ökonomistischen Methodologie
1893
by
Gans-Ludassy
Methodology
Adolf Wagner
Austrian School
Carl Menger
Economic History
Historical School
Political Economy
Empiricism
Knowledge Economics
Rationality
Adam Smith
Thomas Malthus
Wilhelm Roscher
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Herbert Spencer
John Maynard Keynes
Walter Bagehot
Causality
John Stuart Mill
Albert Schaffle
Collectivism
Marginal Utility
Economic Policy
Aristotle
Auguste Comte
Plato
Positivism
Ancient Philosophy
Division of Labor
Liberalism
Protectionism
Socialism
Subjective Value
Utility
David Ricardo
Karl Knies
Nassau Senior
Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi
Ferdinand Lassalle
Karl Marx
Thomas Hobbes
Teleology
Economic Goods
Epistemology
Utilitarianism
David Hume
Immanuel Kant
John Locke
Social Justice
Political Philosophy
Social Contract
Poverty
Individualism
Welfare State
Alfred Marshall
Classical Economics
Bruno Hildebrand
Gustav Schmoller
Interventionism
Economic Development
Economic Crisis
Emil Sax
Lujo Brentano
Property Rights
Public Finance
William Stanley Jevons
Methodological Individualism
Dialectical Materialism
Valuation
Volkswirtschaft
Thomas Aquinas
Phenomenology
Interest Rates
Wages
Nationalism
Inheritance
Speculation
A Priori
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
Friedrich List
Methodenstreit
Antoine Augustin Cournot
Mathematical Economics
Jean-Baptiste Say
Mercantilism
Productivity
Hermann Heinrich Gossen
William Petty
Economic Efficiency
Economic Calculation
Autarky
Cartels
Price Theory
Jeremy Bentham
Coercion
Determinism
Stock Exchange
Capitalism
Demography
Public Health
Diminishing Returns
Francis Ysidro Edgeworth
Leon Walras
Human Action
Natural Law
Gresham's Law
Friedrich Nietzsche
Legal Theory
Montesquieu
Spontaneous Order
Laissez-faire
Manchester School
Physiocracy
Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot
Capital Theory
Ground Rent
Johann Karl Rodbertus
Insurance
Iron Law of Wages
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Otto von Bismarck
Frederic Bastiat
Free Trade
Exploitation
Slavery
Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk
Anthropology
Capital Goods
Public Goods
Anarchism
Agriculture
Banking
Table of Contents · 233 segments
1
Title Page and Publication Metadata
essay
2
Preface: Program for an Autonomous Economic Methodology
essay
3
Table of Contents: Methodology, Concepts, Judgment, Causality, and Economic Laws
chapter
4
Laws and Rules in Economic Life: Table of Contents Continuation
chapter
5
The Economic Law of Development
chapter
6
The Economic Principle
chapter
7
The Economic Ideas
chapter
8
Economic Systematics, Denomination of Economics, and Opening of Chapter One
chapter
9
Philosophy's Relation to the Sciences
theoretical
10
Economics Emerges from Philosophy: Ancient Roots
theoretical
11
Philosophical Residues in Political Economy and Methodological Debates
theoretical
12
Economics Must Separate from Philosophy: Reciprocal Influence and Socialism
theoretical
13
Common Root of Philosophy and Economics in Purpose and Happiness
theoretical
14
The Happiness Problem Splits into Eudaimonistic and Gnostic Questions
theoretical
15
The Utility and Economic Value of Knowledge
theoretical
16
Knowledge as a Preliminary Question for Happiness
theoretical
17
Conceptual Structure of the Possibility of Happiness
theoretical
18
Greek Eudaimonism from Pythagoras to the Stoics
theoretical
19
Christian and Medieval Transcendent Eudaimonism
theoretical
20
Bacon and Spinoza on Practical Happiness, Utility, and Social Order
theoretical
21
Post-Spinozist Eudaimonism, Self-Interest, and Mutualism
theoretical
22
Kant, Modern Ethics, Utilitarianism, and Pessimism
theoretical
23
The Problem of Evil and the Turn from Speculation to Empirical Inquiry
theoretical
24
Philosophy as a History of the Happiness Problem up to Kant
theoretical
25
Post-Kantian Collapse: Schelling, Schopenhauer, Hegel, Hartmann, Hamilton
theoretical
26
Kantian Critique of Pessimism and the Illegitimate Judgment on the World
theoretical
27
Positivism, Sociology, and Economics as Successor to Philosophy
theoretical
28
Final Bankruptcy of Philosophy and the Turn Toward Finality
theoretical
29
Economics’ Inheritance from Philosophy
chapter
30
The Replacement of Philosophy by Economics
chapter
31
Economic Methodology as Proeconomics
chapter
32
The Development of Methodology: Historiographical Principles
theoretical
33
The Rationalist Period of Economic Methodology
theoretical
34
The Empiricist School
theoretical
35
The School of Hyperbolic Empiricism
theoretical
36
Parallel between the Old and New Historical Schools
theoretical
37
Empiricist and Historical-School Theses Summarized
theoretical
38
Emergence of the Exact-Realist School and Austrian Context
theoretical
39
Two-Front Struggle against Historicism and Rationalism
theoretical
40
Analytical Program and Name of the Exact-Realist School
theoretical
41
Exact Realism, Evolution, Relative Value, and Methodological Grounding
theoretical
42
Menger’s Tasks for Economic Theory and the Theory–Practice Distinction
theoretical
43
Qualified Acceptance of Historical and Empirical Research
theoretical
44
Exact-Realist Objections to Empiricism and Historicism
theoretical
45
Synthesis with Rationalism and Empiricism; Autonomy and Exact Laws
theoretical
46
Emil Sax’s Synthesis: Individualism, Collectivism, and Economic Policy
theoretical
47
Dietzel, Homo Economicus, and the Provisional Assessment of Exact Realism
theoretical
48
Exact-Realist Methodology as Rational Empiricism: Opening Historical Review
theoretical
49
Critique of Evolutionism and Historicism
theoretical
50
Limits of the Exact-Realist School
theoretical
51
Materialism and Sax’s Reconstruction of Economic Method
theoretical
52
Sax, Artom, and Dietzel on Psychological and Social Causality
theoretical
53
Reception of Exact-Realism and Failed Compromises with Historicism
theoretical
54
Toward a Rational-Empirical Methodology
theoretical
55
The Economic Phenomenon: Purposeful Action and the Scope of Economics
chapter
56
Economic Phenomena in the Literature and Their Relation to Causality
chapter
57
The Economic Concept: Perception, Representation, and Purposiveness
chapter
58
Concept Formation: Repetition, Abstraction, and Economic Finality
theoretical
59
Economic Concepts as Abstract Relations and the Economist’s Task
theoretical
60
Concept and Experience: Critique of Phenomenology and Extreme Empiricism
theoretical
61
Absolute and Relative Truth in Economic Method
theoretical
62
Empiricism, Evolutionism, Induction, and the Role of Experience
theoretical
63
Facts, Causality, and the Advantage of Economics over Physics
theoretical
64
Limits of Experience and the Concept as Dominant Fact
theoretical
65
Testing Exact Theory and the Relativity of Economic Policy
theoretical
66
Concept, Experience, and the Concrete-Abstract Relation
theoretical
67
The Value and Limits of Abstraction in Economics
theoretical
68
Against A Priori Explanation in Economics
theoretical
69
Thünen, Hypothesis, and the Fluidity of Concepts
theoretical
70
Critique of Concepts and Criteria of Truth
theoretical
71
Analysis as Conceptual Decomposition
theoretical
72
Analysis, Natural Science, and Rational Empiricism
theoretical
73
Analysis in Economics as Substitute for Experiment
theoretical
74
Mill and the Problem of A Posteriori Verification
theoretical
75
Menger and the Typology of Economic Phenomena
theoretical
76
Critique of Menger’s Terminology of Type and Appearance
theoretical
77
The Type as Empirical Concept and the Historical Dimension
theoretical
78
The Limits of Analysis and the Concept of Economic Energy
theoretical
79
Verification, Prediction, and Exactness in Economics
theoretical
80
Mathematical Method and Geometric Schema in Economics
theoretical
81
Analysis, Scientific Foresight, and Intellectual Caution
theoretical
82
The Dialectic of Concepts
chapter
83
Polemics
chapter
84
Denomination and Scientific Terminology
chapter
85
Definition
chapter
86
Classification
chapter
87
Erroneous Concepts
chapter
88
Chapter Six Introduction: The Economic Judgment
theoretical
89
The Economy: Economic Activity and the Problem of Wirtschaftlichkeit
theoretical
90
Wirtschaftlichkeit and Purposefulness
theoretical
91
Wirtschaftlich and Oekonomisch: Terminological Ambiguity and Conceptual Scope
theoretical
92
Phenomenology of Uneconomic Conduct
theoretical
93
Phenomenology of Economic Conduct
theoretical
94
Degree and Measure of Economicity
theoretical
95
The Maximum of Economic Efficiency
theoretical
96
Economicness and the Economic Agent
theoretical
97
The Economic Agent (Wirthschafter)
theoretical
98
The Theory of Economic Man
theoretical
99
Genetic Explanation of the Theory of Economic Man
theoretical
100
Critique of the Theory of Economic Man
theoretical
101
Special Critique: The Wealth-Seeking Man
theoretical
102
Special Critique: The Economicness Man
theoretical
103
Finality and Economy
theoretical
104
Chapter Seven: Economic Inference
chapter
105
The Causal Relation
theoretical
106
Psychological Causality: Free Will as an Obstacle to Economic Law
theoretical
107
Philosophical Authorities for Determinism
theoretical
108
Free Will, Divine Foreknowledge, Energy Conservation, and Psychology
theoretical
109
Will, Representation, and the Rejection of Metaphysical Will
theoretical
110
Motivation and Will as Necessitated by Purpose-Presentations
theoretical
111
Strongest Motive, Quietive, and Will as Causal Consciousness
theoretical
112
Necessitated Action, Value, and Responsibility
theoretical
113
Economic Causality
theoretical
114
Two Cardinal Questions of Economic Causality
theoretical
115
The Three Cardinal Questions of Economic Causality and Their Possibility
theoretical
116
Remote Economic Causality, Crises, and the Limits of Proportional Inference
theoretical
117
Interference and Polarization of Economic Causality
theoretical
118
Mutual Interaction as a Problem in Economic Methodology
theoretical
119
Philosophical and Scientific Background of Mutual Interaction
theoretical
120
Physical, Organic, Historical, and Economic Examples of Mutual Interaction
theoretical
121
Logical Analysis of Mutual Interaction and Schopenhauer’s Error
theoretical
122
Causal Correlativity, Reciprocal Reinforcement, and Economic Energy
theoretical
123
Mass Phenomena, Market Price, and Mutual Effects in Economic Causality
theoretical
124
Methodological Significance of Mutual Interaction and Transition to Causal Laws
theoretical
125
The Cumulative Causality Inference
theoretical
126
Induction as Generalization, Hypothesis, and Intuition
theoretical
127
Induction and Deduction in Economic Methodology
theoretical
128
Hypothesis as an Aid to Induction: Nature, Logic, and Scientific Role
theoretical
129
Misuse of Hypothesis in Economics: Cairnes, Mill, Keynes, and the Hypothetical Judgment
theoretical
130
Verification, Prediction, and the Future Orientation of Economic Hypotheses
theoretical
131
Ascending and Descending Verification, Abstraction, Menger, and Marginal Utility
theoretical
132
Experiment as Verification of Hypothesis in Economics
theoretical
133
Deduction: Mill, Jevons, and the Classical Method
theoretical
134
Critique of Mill’s Deduction and the Need for Empirical-Rational Synthesis
theoretical
135
Deduction from Apriori Axioms: Axiomatic, Apriori, and Leibnizian Elements
theoretical
136
False Economic Axioms and Menger’s Fictive Exact Assumptions
theoretical
137
Kantian Correction: Analytic and Synthetic Judgments in Economic Method
theoretical
138
Against Mathematical and Merely Analytic Economics
theoretical
139
Exact Economics, Economic Energy, Prediction, and Practice
theoretical
140
Inductivism and Deductivism: Mutual Dependence and Menger’s Provisional Settlement
theoretical
141
Rights and Errors of Empiricism and Rationalism
theoretical
142
Burying the Conflict: Full Logical Method and Economics as Central Science
theoretical
143
Why Synthesis Came Late: Verification, Economic Man, and the Unity of Facts and Theory
theoretical
144
Method Determined by Object: Induction, Deduction, and Verification as Real Test
theoretical
145
Theoretical and Practical Economics, Natural-Scientific Method, and Discursive Reduction
theoretical
146
The Economic Law: Opening of Chapter Eight
chapter
147
The Concept and Historical Development of Natural Law
theoretical
148
Causality, Necessity, and the Scope of Natural Laws
theoretical
149
Critique of Mill’s Distinction between Empirical and Natural Laws
theoretical
150
Rules, Pseudo-Laws, and Economic Tendencies
theoretical
151
Formal Distinction between Law and Rule
theoretical
152
Scientific Value and Classification of Rules
theoretical
153
Norms as Purposeful Phenomena Distinct from Laws
theoretical
154
Norms, Development, Legal Satzungen, and the Critique of Teleology
theoretical
155
Menger, Unintended Social Forms, and the Economic Value of Norms
theoretical
156
Empiricism and Rationalism in the Search for Economic Laws
theoretical
157
Natural-Law Rationalism from Montesquieu to Cairnes
theoretical
158
Empiricist and Historical Challenges to Economic Natural Laws
theoretical
159
Mengerian Reaction and the Debate over Exact and Empirical Laws
theoretical
160
Synthesis: Limits of Rationalism, Empiricism, and Menger’s Apriorism
theoretical
161
Nomism versus Anomism: Causality and the Possibility of Economics
theoretical
162
Cause, Law, Interference, and the Direct Proof of Economic Law
theoretical
163
Economic Technology and the Practical Use of Natural Economic Laws
theoretical
164
3. Content and Scope of Economic Laws
theoretical
165
4. Exact and Empirical Laws in Economics
theoretical
166
4. Content and Scope of Economic Rules
theoretical
167
Chapter Nine: The Economic Law of Development
chapter
168
I. Development
theoretical
169
II. Economic Development
theoretical
170
Development of Human Economy
theoretical
171
Development of the Economy through Economic Thinking
theoretical
172
Development of Purposeful Thinking in the Economy
theoretical
173
Development of Thinking about Purposefulness
theoretical
174
The Dialectic of Economistic Development
theoretical
175
Smith as Educator of Economistic Thinking
theoretical
176
The Limited Value of Economic Literary History
theoretical
177
Causal Method for the History of Economic Literature
theoretical
178
Historical Criticism and the Dangers of Anachronism
theoretical
179
Individuality and Limits in Literary-Historical Explanation
theoretical
180
Dogma History: Value, Limits, and Misuse
theoretical
181
Regressive and Progressive Problems in Economic Doctrine History
theoretical
182
Smith as a Case Study in Dogma-Historical Interpretation
theoretical
183
The General Concept of the Development Law
theoretical
184
Economic Development Laws and Human Action
theoretical
185
Rationalism, Empiricism, and Universal Economic Development
theoretical
186
Can History Yield Development Laws?
theoretical
187
Limits of Historical Evidence for Economic Development
theoretical
188
Critique of Keynes on History and Theory
theoretical
189
The Evolutionistic Method as Comparative Economic Science
theoretical
190
Evolutionism, Darwinism, and the Construction of Economic Laws
theoretical
191
Finality, Economic Energy, and the Limits of Prediction
theoretical
192
The Economic Principle
chapter
193
The Four Economic Ideas
theoretical
194
The Mechanoktetische Idea: Economics as Mechanics
theoretical
195
The Anthropomorphic Root of the Bioktetische Idea
theoretical
196
Social Harmony as a Form of the Bioktetic Idea
theoretical
197
The Essence of the Bioktetic Idea
theoretical
198
Refutation of the Bioktetic Idea and State Organicism
theoretical
199
Explanation of the Bioktetical Idea
theoretical
200
The Ethoktetical Idea and Ethical Economics
theoretical
201
Ethics as Leader of Economics
theoretical
202
Moral and Economic Value Judgment
theoretical
203
The Egoistic Economy
theoretical
204
Mutualistic and Collectivist Economy
theoretical
205
Altruistic Economy
theoretical
206
Basic Economic Forms and Their Significance for Modern Society
theoretical
207
The Economic Root of Moral Consciousness
theoretical
208
The Primacy of the Economic over the Secondary Character of the Ethical
theoretical
209
The Psychoktetic Idea and the Critique of Psychological Heteronomy
theoretical
210
Chapter Twelve Introduction: Economistic Systematics
chapter
211
Critique of Existing Definitions of Economics
theoretical
212
Final Definition of Economics as Purpose-Mediation and Economic Energy
theoretical
213
Scope of Economics as the Science of Purposeful Action
theoretical
214
Economics as the Highest Biological Science
theoretical
215
Rank, Difficulty, and Science Policy for Economics
theoretical
216
Critique of Say’s Production–Distribution–Consumption System
theoretical
217
Science, Art, Theory, and Practice in Classical Economic Methodology
theoretical
218
Applied Economics, Pure Economics, and Menger’s Systematic Distinction
theoretical
219
Critique of Menger’s Fourfold Classification and Reduction to Theory and Technology
theoretical
220
Scientific Systems and the Need to Relate Economic Theory and Practice
theoretical
221
Theory, Technology, Causality, and Economic Therapeutics
theoretical
222
Systematics of Economics Based on the Principle of Purposiveness
chapter
223
Theoretical Economics, Economic Energy, and Causal Division
theoretical
224
Tasks of Elementary, Social, National, and Political Economics
theoretical
225
Economics, Sociology, and Historical Economic Schools
theoretical
226
Practical Economics as Technological Application and Normative Guidance
theoretical
227
Political Economics Between Theory, Policy, and Technique
theoretical
228
Limits of Private Economics and the Need for Individual Calculation
theoretical
229
Economic Technique, Finance Science, and an Independent Economics Faculty
theoretical
230
Didactic Method and Scientific Style in Economics
theoretical
231
Denomination of Economics
theoretical
232
Concluding Word on Methodology
essay
233
Errata and Library Markings
bibliography