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Grundriss der politischen Ökonomie Bd. 1: Allgemeine Volkswirtschaftslehre
1920
by
Philippovich
Eugen von Philippovich
Banking
Economic Policy
Insurance
Labor Law
Poverty
Social Policy
Wages
Real Income
Stock Exchange
Infrastructure
Trade Policy
Sozialpolitik
Adam Smith
Capitalism
Industrial Revolution
International Trade
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
Lujo Brentano
Production Costs
Werner Sombart
Economic History
Albert Schaffle
Emil Sax
Public Goods
Adolf Wagner
Competition
Subsidies
Taxation
Nationalization
Federalism
Social Democracy
Labor Market
Accounting
Agriculture
Protectionism
Friedrich List
Karl Knies
Geopolitics
Economies of Scale
Capital Intensity
Price Formation
Supply and Demand
American Revolution
Division of Labor
Cooperatives
Exchange Value
Gustav Schmoller
Interventionism
Price Theory
Credit Expansion
Public Health
Banknotes
Bank of England
Discount Rate
Money Market
Reichsbank
Business Cycles
Bank of France
Max Weber
Speculation
Cartels
Capital Movements
Walter Bagehot
Capital Theory
Fiat Money
Free Banking
Legal Tender
Federal Reserve
Exchange Rates
Open Market Operations
Monetary Reform
Interest Rates
Bureaucracy
Innovation
Monopoly
Rationalization
Rudolf Hilferding
Central Banking
Public Finance
Investment
Classical Economics
Income Distribution
Physiocracy
Productivity
Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi
Capital Accumulation
Social Justice
Collective Bargaining
Trade Unions
Welfare State
Guilds
Labor Mobility
Unemployment
Forced Saving
Emil Lederer
Carl Menger
David Ricardo
John Stuart Mill
Karl Marx
Socialism
Minimum Wage
Profit and Loss
Alfred Marshall
Karl Kautsky
Standard of Living
Johann Karl Rodbertus
Demography
Othmar Spann
Table of Contents · 345 segments
1
Title Pages and Publication Information
essay
2
Preface to the First through Third Editions
essay
3
Preface to the Fourth Edition
essay
4
Preface to the Fifth Edition
essay
5
Table of Contents: Prefaces and Opening of Book Four
chapter
6
Continuation of the Table of Contents for Transport, Trade, Banking, Income, Labor, and Poor Relief Policy
bibliography
7
List of Abbreviations Used
bibliography
8
General Economic Significance and Effects of Transport Means
theoretical
9
Development of Transport before Railways and Steamships: Land Routes
chapter
10
Development of Inland Navigation and Canals
chapter
11
Development of Maritime Shipping before Steam Navigation
chapter
12
Postal Services, Telegraphy, Telephony, and the Organization of Communications
chapter
13
Beginning of the Modern Transport Epoch: Railways and Steamships
chapter
14
Development of Railways: Network Growth, Speed, Capacity, and Freight Costs
chapter
15
Bibliography on Railway Development and Statistics
bibliography
16
Steam Navigation: Technical Development, Merchant Fleets, and Maritime Freight Costs
chapter
17
Bibliography on Steam Shipping and Maritime Transport
bibliography
18
Railway Organization and Policy: Classification of Lines and Public Interests
chapter
19
Bibliography on Small Railways and Lower-Order Railways
bibliography
20
The Administrative Principle of Railways: Monopoly, Competition, and Bureaucratic Management
chapter
21
Concessioning Private Railways: State Control, Duties, and Rights
chapter
22
Bibliography on Railway Concessions and Railway Law
bibliography
23
State Support for Private Railways
chapter
24
Theoretical arguments for and against state and private railway systems
theoretical
25
Bibliography for theoretical arguments on railway ownership
bibliography
26
Introduction to the development of railway policy in Europe and the United States
chapter
27
Railway policy in the German Reich
essay
28
Bibliography for German railway policy
bibliography
29
Railway policy in Austria and Hungary
essay
30
Bibliography for Austrian and Hungarian railway policy
bibliography
31
Railway policy in Great Britain
essay
32
Bibliography for British railway policy
bibliography
33
Railway policy in France
essay
34
Bibliography for French railway policy
bibliography
35
Railway policy in Italy
essay
36
Bibliography for Italian railway policy
bibliography
37
Railway policy in the United States
essay
38
Bibliography for United States railway policy
bibliography
39
Railway policy in other countries
essay
40
Bibliography for railway policy in other countries
bibliography
41
The condition of railway employees
chapter
42
Railway Strikes and Public-Service Employment
chapter
43
German and Prussian Railway Employee Associations and Welfare
chapter
44
German Railway Duty and Rest-Time Regulations
chapter
45
Austrian Railway Employee Organization, Salaries, Insurance, and Welfare
chapter
46
Austrian Railway Worker Protection Law and Sources
bibliography
47
Railway Labor Organization and Labor Policy in Europe
chapter
48
General Concepts of Railway Tariffs
theoretical
49
Principles of Railway Tariff Formation
theoretical
50
Major Railway Tariff Systems
theoretical
51
Differential Railway Tariffs and Their Regulation
theoretical
52
Direct Tariffs, Railway Tariff Associations, and Tariff Cartels
theoretical
53
State Tariff Sovereignty and Public Control of Railway Rates
chapter
54
Development of Freight Tariffs in Germany and Austria
chapter
55
Freight Tariff Unity, Exceptional Tariffs, and Austrian Rate Table
chapter
56
Bibliography on German and Austrian Freight Tariffs
bibliography
57
Passenger Tariffs: Costs, Classes, and Utilization
chapter
58
Critique of Distance Passenger Fares and the Personenporto Proposal
chapter
59
Passenger Tariff Reforms in Austria, Hungary, Russia, and Comparative Systems
chapter
60
Bibliography on Passenger Tariff Reform and Personenporto
bibliography
61
Railways in the Service of Economic Policy
chapter
62
Bibliography for Railways and Economic Policy
bibliography
63
Inland Waterways: Scope, Classification, and Modern Revival
chapter
64
British, Irish and French Inland Waterways
chapter
65
German Inland Waterways, Traffic Concentration, and Canal Projects
chapter
66
Other European and American Inland Waterway Systems
chapter
67
Economic Advantages and Limits of Inland Navigation Compared with Railways
theoretical
68
Panama Canal, Suez Comparison, and Prospective World Trade Shifts
chapter
69
Bibliography for Inland Waterways and Canal Policy
bibliography
70
Administration of Inland Waterways: Private and State Systems
chapter
71
German Waterway Dues, Free Navigation, and State Transport Monopoly
theoretical
72
Dues on Inland Waterways: Cost Recovery, Public Roads, and Competition
theoretical
73
Bibliography on Inland Waterway Dues
bibliography
74
Development of Ocean Shipping in the Nineteenth Century
chapter
75
The Suez Canal and the Shift Toward Steam Shipping
chapter
76
Persistence of Sailing Ships and Differentiation of Steamship Services
chapter
77
Ship Ownership Forms and Statistical Decline of Sailing Fleets
chapter
78
Bibliography on the Economic and Technical Development of Seafaring
bibliography
79
Definitions of Free Shipping and Liner Shipping
chapter
80
Chartering, Bulk Cargo, and the Economics of Free Shipping
chapter
81
Shipbrokers, Global Freight Intelligence, and Charter Orders
chapter
82
Tramp Shipping Flexibility and Seasonal Cargo Strategy
theoretical
83
Limits of Tramp Shipping and the Rise of Liner Services
theoretical
84
Capital Costs and Load Advantages of Liner Shipping
theoretical
85
Direct Lines, Early Regular Services, and Steamship Expansion
theoretical
86
Ship Technology and Global Ocean Routes
theoretical
87
Bibliography on Ocean Commerce and Shipping Routes
bibliography
88
Economies of Scale in Large Shipping Enterprises
theoretical
89
Large-Scale Passenger Shipping and Interline Agreements
theoretical
90
Sea Shipping: Fleet Expansion, Canals, Port Growth, and Emigrant Traffic
chapter
91
Sea Shipping Organization: Fusions, Pools, Atlantic Agreements, and Liner Trusts
chapter
92
Sea Shipping Profitability, Concentration, and Shipping Trust Finances
chapter
93
Bibliography on Shipping Organization, Trusts, Profitability, and Concentration
bibliography
94
Sea Freight Rates: Price Formation under Competition
theoretical
95
Sea Freight Rate Fluctuations, Cost Comparisons, and Long-Run Decline
chapter
96
Ocean Freight Pricing, Liner Competition, and Rate Stabilization
chapter
97
Bibliography on Ocean Shipping Rates and Passenger Tariffs
bibliography
98
Ports: Natural Advantages, River Harbors, Ship Size, and Facilities
chapter
99
Port Ownership and Administration in Comparative Perspective
chapter
100
Customs Treatment, Free Ports, and Free Districts
chapter
101
Port Improvement Costs, Harbor Dues, and Loading Efficiency
chapter
102
Trade-Political Character of Seaports and Hinterland Traffic
chapter
103
Bibliography on World Seaports, Free Ports, and Modern Seaport Sensitivity
bibliography
104
The State and Maritime Shipping
chapter
105
Continuation: U.S. Merchant Marine Subsidy Bill Provisions
essay
106
Bibliography on Shipping Policy and Steamship Subsidies
bibliography
107
Technological Change and the Transformation of Seafaring Labor
essay
108
Crew Composition, Recruitment, and Merchant Marine Staffing Statistics
essay
109
Seafarer Wages, Foreign Labor Competition, and Unemployment
essay
110
Working Hours and Rest Periods at Sea and in Port
essay
111
Food, Lodging, and Inspection Duties in the Seamen’s Labor Contract
essay
112
Public Supervision of Seamen’s Contracts and Labor Brokerage Abuses
essay
113
Seamen’s Organizations, Dock Strikes, and Shipowners’ Associations
essay
114
Comparative Social Welfare and Labor Protection for Seafarers
essay
115
Bibliography on the Condition of Seafarers and Maritime Labor
bibliography
116
Book Five, Domestic Trade: Nature and Branches of Trade
chapter
117
Development of Forms of Trade
chapter
118
The Economic Significance of Trade
chapter
119
Old Retailers’ Reaction and the Historical Development of Trade
chapter
120
Bibliography on Trade, Trade Policy, and Small Retail
bibliography
121
Consumer Cooperatives as Retail Organizations and Their Economic Advantages
chapter
122
Critiques of Consumer Cooperatives and Philippovich’s Evaluation
chapter
123
Empirical Evidence on Middlemen Markups and the Expansion of Retail Trade
chapter
124
Taxation, Legal Restrictions, and Retailer Counter-Organizations Against Consumer Cooperatives
chapter
125
Bibliography on Consumer Cooperatives and Middle-Class Retail Politics
bibliography
126
Department Stores: Definition, Growth, and Scale
chapter
127
Origins and Economic Logic of Department Stores
chapter
128
Department Store Tax and Retail Protection Policy
chapter
129
Bibliography on Department Stores and Department Store Taxation
bibliography
130
Mail-Order Businesses and Direct Dispatch Retail
chapter
131
Traveling Retail Sales Agents and Goods Sold by Detail Travelers
chapter
132
Retail Traveling Salesmen: Growth, Effects, and Regulation
chapter
133
Installment Sales and Regulation of Partial-Payment Contracts
chapter
134
Bibliography on Installment Sales
bibliography
135
Itinerant Trades and Peddling
chapter
136
Legal Restrictions on Hawking Trade in Germany and Austria
chapter
137
Wanderlager and Itinerant Auctions
chapter
138
Bibliography on Itinerant Trade and Hawking
bibliography
139
The Fight Against Unfair Competition
chapter
140
Bibliography on Unfair Competition
bibliography
141
Food Police and Market Inspection
chapter
142
Justification and Laws for Food and Consumer Goods Inspection
chapter
143
Bibliography on Food Police and Adulteration
bibliography
144
Commercial Employees: Social Position, Occupational Groups, and Service Contracts
chapter
145
Working Time, Shop Closing, Sunday Rest, and Insurance for Commercial Employees
chapter
146
Bibliography on Commercial Employees and Private Employees
bibliography
147
Functions and Types of Banks
chapter
148
Historical Development and Scope of the Bank Concept
theoretical
149
Literature on Banking History and Bank Types
bibliography
150
Deposit Business: Definitions, Forms, and Payment Functions
theoretical
151
Competition for Deposits and International Deposit Statistics
theoretical
152
Liquidity Requirements and the Postal Savings Bank as Deposit Institution
theoretical
153
German Big-Bank Liabilities and Legal Treatment of Deposits and Depots
theoretical
154
Literature on Deposit Banking and Bank Depot Business
bibliography
155
Discount Business: Definition and Bank Liquidity Function
theoretical
156
Security of Bills, Prime Discounts, and the Private Discount Rate
theoretical
157
Discount Business: Credit Assessment, Receivables Lending, and Turnover
theoretical
158
Bibliography for the Discount Business
bibliography
159
Lombard Lending against Securities, Goods, and Warrants
theoretical
160
Current-Account Credit and Bank-Industry Relations
theoretical
161
Acceptance Credit, Bank Acceptances, and Rembours Finance
theoretical
162
Bibliography for Current-Account and Acceptance Credit
bibliography
163
Bank Commission Business in Payments and Securities
theoretical
164
Bibliography for Commission Business and Opening of Founding/Emission Business
bibliography
165
Founding and Securities-Issuing Business: Forms and Speculative Character
theoretical
166
Risks, Capital Safeguards, and Investor Protection in Emission Banking
theoretical
167
Methods of Bond and Share Emissions and the Role of the Stock Exchange
theoretical
168
Industrial Credit, German Universal Banks, and the Expansion of Securities Issues
theoretical
169
Bibliography on Emission Banking and Bank-Industry Finance
bibliography
170
Development of Contemporary Banks: British Deposit and Check Banking
chapter
171
Joint-Stock Branch Banking and Concentration in Great Britain
theoretical
172
English Deposit Banks, Bill Discount, and Credit Influence
chapter
173
Bill Brokers, Stock Brokers, and Acceptance Houses in London Banking
chapter
174
Colonial and Foreign Banks and London’s Rembours Business
chapter
175
The Bank of England, Credit Elasticity, and Reserve Risks
chapter
176
Concentration and Balance Sheets of English Deposit Banks
chapter
177
Bibliography on English Banking
bibliography
178
Origins of Continental Mixed Banking in Germany and Austria
chapter
179
German and Austrian Banks: Industrial Relations and Early Prussian Credit Banks
chapter
180
German Big-Bank Concentration and the Deutsche Bank Network
chapter
181
German Bank Deposits, Credit Practices, Discount Business, and Reform Issues
chapter
182
Austrian and Hungarian Banks: Development, Concentration, and Balance-Sheet Statistics
chapter
183
Bibliography on German and Austrian Banking History and Policy
bibliography
184
French Banking: Origins and Institutional Categories
chapter
185
French Deposit Megabanks and Their Scale
chapter
186
Operations, Expansion, and Liquidity of French Deposit Banks
chapter
187
Effects of Banking Concentration in France
chapter
188
Bibliography on French Banking
bibliography
189
United States Banking: Historical Development to the National Currency Act
chapter
190
Legal Organization and Note Issue of U.S. National Banks
chapter
191
Federal Supervision and Fiscal Relations of U.S. National Banks
chapter
192
National Banks: Development and Crisis Performance
chapter
193
National Banks as Deposit Banks and Reserve-City System
chapter
194
State Banks, Trust Companies, Savings Banks, and Private Banking Houses
chapter
195
Deposits, Notes, and the Use of Checks in American Payments
chapter
196
Inelastic Currency, Treasury Gold, and the Demand for American Bank Reform
chapter
197
Glass-Owen Act: District Reserve Banks and Capital Structure
chapter
198
Federal Reserve Board and Federal Advisory Council
chapter
199
Governance of the Federal Reserve Banks
chapter
200
Federal Reserve Bank Operations, Clearing, and Discount Policy
chapter
201
Federal Reserve Notes, Gold Cover, and Deposit Reserve Rules
chapter
202
Bank Examinations and Evaluation of the American Reform
chapter
203
Bibliography on American Banking and Currency Reform
bibliography
204
Concentration in Banking
theoretical
205
Capital Equalization and the Triumph of Branch Banks
theoretical
206
Economic Advantages and Disadvantages of Large Branch Banks
theoretical
207
Proposals to Separate Deposit Banking from Emission and Speculation
theoretical
208
Notes and Statistics on Bank Concentration, Costs, and Credit Allocation
footnotes
209
Bibliography on Large Banks, Deposit Banking, and Bank Concentration
bibliography
210
Banks and Industry: Forms of Industrial Finance
theoretical
211
Historical Emergence of the Bank-Industry Connection
theoretical
212
From the Gründer Period to Regular Industrial Banking
theoretical
213
Bank Influence on Industrial Concentration and Sectoral Organization
theoretical
214
Consequences of Bank Control over Capital Allocation
theoretical
215
Bibliography on Banks and Industry
bibliography
216
Banks and the State
chapter
217
Bibliography for Banks and the State
bibliography
218
Credit Banks and Note Banks
chapter
219
Bibliography for Credit Banks and Note Banks
bibliography
220
The Nature of Exchanges
chapter
221
Bibliography for the Nature of Exchanges
bibliography
222
History of Exchanges
chapter
223
Bibliography for History of Exchanges
bibliography
224
Organization of Exchanges
chapter
225
Bibliography for Organization of Exchanges
bibliography
226
Exchange Traders
chapter
227
Bibliography for Exchange Traders
bibliography
228
Securities Exchange Transactions: Valutas, Devisen, and Bills
chapter
229
Securities Purchases as Investment and Speculation
chapter
230
Bibliography for Securities Investment and Speculation
bibliography
231
Securities Futures Transactions
chapter
232
Bibliography for Securities Futures Transactions
bibliography
233
Economic Significance of the Securities Exchange
chapter
234
Banks and the Securities Exchange
chapter
235
Bibliography for Banks and the Exchange
bibliography
236
Commodity Futures Trading
chapter
237
Bibliography for Commodity Futures Trading
bibliography
238
Exchange Reform
chapter
239
Bibliography for Exchange Reform
bibliography
240
Book Six: Income Policy
chapter
241
The Nature of Income Policy
theoretical
242
Direct and Indirect Income Policy: Direct Measures
theoretical
243
Indirect Income Policy
theoretical
244
Difficulties of a Unified Income Policy
theoretical
245
The State, Private Organization, and Income Policy
theoretical
246
Labor-Income Policy and Poor-Relief Policy
theoretical
247
Policy of Labor Income: Systems of Employment Placement
chapter
248
Bibliography on Employment Placement
bibliography
249
Performance of Employment Placement Systems
chapter
250
Public Labor Exchanges: Fees, Strikes, and Union Mediation
chapter
251
Bibliographic Note on Employment Placement
bibliography
252
Regulation of Employment Exchanges
chapter
253
Bibliography on Legal Regulation of Employment Exchanges
bibliography
254
Unemployment and Its Causes
chapter
255
Annotated Sources on Unemployment Research
bibliography
256
Bibliography on Unemployment and Unemployment Insurance
bibliography
257
Measures to Reduce Unemployment
chapter
258
Measures for Mitigating the Consequences of Unemployment
chapter
259
Bibliography on Unemployment Relief and Insurance
bibliography
260
Unemployment Insurance
chapter
261
Bibliography on Unemployment Insurance
bibliography
262
Compulsory Saving
chapter
263
Prerequisites for Workers' Insurance Against Incapacity
chapter
264
The Insurance Principle and Compulsory Insurance
chapter
265
Continuation: German Workers' Insurance Reforms and the Reich Insurance Code
chapter
266
Sources and Debates on Worker Insurance and Sick-Fund Institutions
footnotes
267
German Sickness Insurance under the Reich Insurance Code
chapter
268
Austrian Sickness Insurance and Mining Sick Funds
chapter
269
British National Insurance for Sickness and Invalidity
chapter
270
Other Countries with Sickness Insurance Systems
chapter
271
Bibliography on Sickness and Worker Insurance
bibliography
272
Rationale, Definition, and Scope of German Accident Insurance
chapter
273
Accident Insurance Carriers, Administration, and Benefits
chapter
274
Financing Methods and German Accident Insurance Statistics
chapter
275
Austrian Accident Insurance, Deficits, and Mining Reform
chapter
276
Comparative Development of Accident Insurance and Employer Liability
chapter
277
Bibliography on Accident Insurance Financing and Compensation
bibliography
278
Invalidity, Old-Age, and Survivors Insurance in Germany
chapter
279
German Invalidity and Old-Age Insurance: Benefits, Financing, Administration, and Statistics
chapter
280
International Comparisons of Old-Age and Invalidity Provision
chapter
281
Bibliography on Invalidity and Old-Age Insurance
bibliography
282
Common Provisions of the German Reich Insurance Code
chapter
283
Effects of Workers’ Insurance: Costs, Legal Rights, and Self-Help
chapter
284
Workers’ Insurance, Poor Relief, Benefit Adequacy, and Employer Burdens
chapter
285
Workers’ Insurance and Public Health Prevention
chapter
286
Abuses, Moral Hazard, and Unintended Health Outcomes in Workers’ Insurance
chapter
287
Bibliography on the Effects of Workers’ Insurance
bibliography
288
Growth and Social Position of Private Employees
chapter
289
Private Employees’ Pension Insurance in Austria and Germany
chapter
290
Continuation: Austrian and German Private Employee Pension Insurance
essay
291
Bibliography on Private Employee Pension Insurance
bibliography
292
The Task of Wage Policy
theoretical
293
Historical and Theoretical Literature on Wage Regulation
essay
294
Time Wage and Accord Wage: Definitions and Terminology
theoretical
295
Historical Dominance and Limits of the Time Wage
theoretical
296
Advantages of Accord and Piece Wages
theoretical
297
Disadvantages and Conditions for Useful Accord Wages
theoretical
298
History of Accord Wages and Labor Opposition
essay
299
Piece wages in practice and literature
chapter
300
Free wage contract, worker organization, strikes, and lockouts
chapter
301
Types, causes, and public perception of labor conflicts
chapter
302
Organization, strike statistics, lockouts, and employer associations
chapter
303
Consequences of strikes, boycotts, blacklists, and literature
chapter
304
Tariff agreements and private arbitration
chapter
305
Bibliography on Collective Agreements and Industrial Peace (continuation)
bibliography
306
Premium Wage Systems: Rationale, Halsey Plan, and Taylor Plan
theoretical
307
Assessment and Variants of Premium Wage Systems
theoretical
308
Bibliography on Premium Wage Systems
bibliography
309
Profit-Sharing as a Wage System: Definition and Distinctions
theoretical
310
Profit Sharing: Rationale, Methods, Limits, Sliding Wage Scales, and Major Examples
theoretical
311
Bibliography for Profit Sharing
bibliography
312
Minimum Wage: Forms, Limits, Living Wage, and Social Policy Function
theoretical
313
Bibliography for Minimum Wage
bibliography
314
Wages and Employment Stabilization in Public Administration Enterprises
theoretical
315
Bibliography for Public Administration Wage Policy
bibliography
316
Authoritative Wage Fixing: Fair-Wage Clauses, Arbitration, Wage Boards, and State Intervention
theoretical
317
Continuation of §108: Minimum Wage Laws and State Arbitration
chapter
318
Bibliography for §108: Wage Boards, Arbitration, and Public Procurement
bibliography
319
§109: Wage Security and the Truck System
chapter
320
Bibliography for §109: Truck System and Wage Protection
bibliography
321
§110(1–6): Budgets and Living Standards of the Lower Classes
chapter
322
Bibliography for §110: Consumption, Cost of Living, and Prices
bibliography
323
§110(7–11): Food Policy, Consumer Cooperatives, and §111 Marker
chapter
324
Wage Policy, Alcohol Expenditure, and Consumer Cooperatives
chapter
325
Housing Care: Defects in Urban Housing
chapter
326
Bibliography on the Housing Question and Rental Law
bibliography
327
Urban Building Plans and Building Codes
chapter
328
Housing Legislation and Municipal Housing Offices
chapter
329
Bibliography on Housing Inspection and Housing Legislation
bibliography
330
Providing Cheap Housing
chapter
331
Poverty: Causes and Extent
chapter
332
Bibliography on Poverty and Poor Statistics
bibliography
333
History of Poor Relief
chapter
334
Bibliography on the History of Poor Relief
bibliography
335
Compulsory and Voluntary Poor Relief
chapter
336
Bibliography on Compulsory and Voluntary Poor Relief
bibliography
337
Poor Relief, Social Assistance, Child and Youth Welfare
chapter
338
Bibliography on Child and Youth Welfare
bibliography
339
Administration of Poor Relief
chapter
340
Bibliography on Poor Relief Administration
bibliography
341
Poor Relief in Germany
chapter
342
Bibliography on Poor Relief in Germany
bibliography
343
Poor Relief in Austria
chapter
344
Bibliography Note for Austrian Poor Relief
bibliography
345
Register (Index) of Volume Topics
bibliography