3,673 works, 150 years of economic thought. Each one summarized and searchable, with cited passages inside.
A development plan that promises higher average income need not offer greater security against disappointing results. Gerhard Tintner and N. S. Raghavan make this tension explicit by introducing uncertain productive returns into the Mahalanobis two-sector planning model for India. Rather than calculate a single income target, they estimate distributions of terminal national income and compare how investment allocations alter expected performance, low-income thresholds, and relative variability. Their tested policies show why these measures cannot be treated as interchangeable: an allocation preferred for its average return may lose its appeal when stability becomes the priority. The article offers a concrete encounter with planning as a choice among risk criteria, while openly acknowledging the limitations of its aggregated model, independence assumption, and rough numerical approximations.