1,549 works, 150 years of economic thought. Each one summarized and searchable, with cited passages inside.
George Lennox Sharman Shackle, “On the Meaning and Measure of Uncertainty: II” (1953) Shackle’s essay develops a theory of decision under uncertainty for cases where action is singular, consequential, and not assimilable...
George L. S. Shackle, “Probability and Uncertainty” (1949/1955) Shackle’s essay is a theoretical critique of the assumption that probability, understood as frequency-ratio probability, can guide all rational choice...
Fritz Machlup, “Relative Prices and Aggregate Spending in the Analysis of Devaluation” (1955) This single-author journal article is a methodological critique of devaluation theory...
Alfred Schütz, “Symbol, Wirklichkeit und Gesellschaft” — Summary Schütz’s German essay, originally framed as a symposium contribution, asks why concepts such as sign, signal, symbol, image, and meaning so often blur into...
George L. S. Shackle, “The Deflative or Inflative Tendency of Government Receipts and Disbursements” Shackle’s article, first published in 1947, is a theoretical account of fiscal action as a force acting on monetary dem...
Summary: George L. S. Shackle, “The Economist’s View of Profit” This is a single-author theoretical essay, first published for accountants but addressed to economic theory...
The Logic of Surprise — Summary George Lennox Sharman Shackle’s “The Logic of Surprise” is a compact theoretical essay in expectation theory, published as an Economica note, that asks how a person can coherently anticipa...
George L. S. Shackle, “The Multiplier in Closed and Open Systems” Shackle’s article is a compact theoretical reconstruction of the Keynesian multiplier...
George L. S. Shackle, “The Nature and Role of Profit” — Summary Shackle’s essay is a conceptual inquiry into whether “profit” can retain a precise role in economic theory once production is understood as an action throug...
George Lennox Sharman Shackle, “The Nature of Interest-Rates” (1949/1955) Genre and scope: Shackle’s text is a single-author theoretical article in monetary economics, first published in Oxford Economic Papers and later...
Fritz Machlup, “The Problem of Verification in Economics” (1955) Machlup’s essay clarifies what economists can reasonably mean by “verification.” He rejects both apriorism and a crude empiricism that would require every...
William E. Rappard, The Secret of American Prosperity (1955) William E. Rappard’s book is a deliberately narrow inquiry: not whether America is superior altogether, but why, in the mid-twentieth century, its economy so v...