3,801 works, 471 books, 3,267 articles, 60 other works, 3 awaiting classification, 150 years of economic thought. Each one summarized and searchable, with cited passages inside.
The Great War left Europe's monetary circulation almost wholly in the hands of central banks, which now furnish money rather than merely regulating it — the departure point for Reisch's practical observations, built on Menger, Mises, and Wieser. He reconsiders the banknote itself: once cash payments were suspended, its promise of redemption became a fiction, so the modern Schilling note is better read as a certificate of value whose parity the bank must defend. A discount rate held below the natural rate, he warns, drives production into overlong roundabout processes that end in liquidation and crisis; a wholly cashless economy, against Hahn, remains a fantasy; and the central bank stands as a primus inter pares disciplining the giro-money creation of private banks.
Es ist daher gewiß richtig, wenn die Federal Reserve-Banken die ihnen überreichlich zufließenden Goldmengen in weitem Maße „unausgenützt“ in ihren Kellern einsperren und nicht als Grundlage weiterer Kreditexpansion verwenden.
English translation: “It is therefore certainly correct that the Federal Reserve Banks largely lock away "unused" in their vaults the excessively abundant gold flowing to them, and do not use it as a basis for further credit expansion.”
The gold standard did not fail of its own defects; it was disabled, and then blamed for failing. First published in 1932 and reissued here with two supplements because the same misunderstandings still shaped policy, Hayek's report pins the interwar monetary collapse on central banks, above all the Bank of England, that refused to let gold outflows force the domestic credit contraction and wage adjustment the system demanded. Britain's 1925 return to prewar parity left costs too high; cheap money and appeals for central-bank cooperation masked the weakness rather than curing it. Behind the crisis lies his attack on price-level stabilization: propping up prices that ought to fall with rising productivity is inflation by another name, breeding the misdirected production that made 1929 unavoidable.
All this means that there has not been too little but too much cooperation between central banks, and that not the gold standard, but efforts aimed at making the gold standard inoperative are the causes of the present monetary troubles.
National independence or a blockade imposed on oneself? In this 1932 newspaper article, Emil Lederer argues that Germany’s pursuit of autarky threatens the employment, agricultural incomes, and international influence it promises to secure. His distinctive starting point is demographic: a population enlarged since 1871 cannot subsist on a return to an older agrarian economy, while farming itself depends on industrial tools and imported feed. Contemporary trade figures sharpen his warning that falling imports are no measure of economic health when exports—and the work they sustain—are disappearing faster. Lederer exposes the practical contradiction in protecting domestic producers by restricting the exchange on which their customers’ purchasing power depends. Economic interdependence emerges here not as the opposite of national power, but as one of its material foundations.
Mit jeder neuen Hemmung der Einfuhr entziehen wir unseren Exporten den Boden.
English translation: “With every new restriction on imports, we undermine the basis of our exports.”
No explanation of the world crisis can dispense with the business cycle, and none can make do with it alone: from that double warning Schumpeter narrows a broad diagnosis to Germany's emergency policy of cutting prices and incomes together. Were every price, income, and value to fall at the same instant and in equal proportion, nothing real would change, but because book values, debts, inventories, and expectations cannot adjust uniformly, administrative deflation breeds the paralysis it claims to cure, driving unemployment toward seven million. Its one rational function is temporary, a strategic thrust to strengthen the mark and shift the reparations argument, to be dropped the moment it succeeds or clearly fails. The essay closes on fiscal causality, arguing through counterfactual that disciplined spending since 1924 could have spared Germany, since here public finance is destiny.
Für Deutschland sind die Finanzen Schicksal, rationelle Wirtschaft Lebensfrage.
English translation: “For Germany, finance is destiny, and rational economic management is a matter of life and death.”
A preference is not a sum of money: this distinction drives Oskar Engländer’s contribution to the edited economics volume Die Wirtschaftstheorie der Gegenwart in Darstellungen. In Wertlehre, he retains marginal-utility reasoning while denying that utility is measurable or that efficient allocation necessarily equalizes weighted marginal utilities. His account of willingness to pay turns on a concrete budget problem: what remains after higher-ranking needs have been provided for? It yields the counterintuitive possibility that a buyer’s maximum total expenditure on a larger quantity may be lower than on a smaller one. Following these comparisons reveals both the reach and the limits Engländer assigns to subjective value theory: individual rankings constrain purchases, but explaining the relationships among market prices also requires production conditions and technical substitution.
How can economics remain value-free while taking a definite position on economic policy? In this concluding intervention in a discussion of value theory, published in 1933, Ludwig von Mises draws the line between choosing ends and judging means. Protectionism supplies a concrete test: economics can, he argues, establish a loss of output without deciding whether other political aims justify that loss. His replies to fellow participants also defend abstract economic reasoning against claims that theoretical truth depends on class position or that practical relevance requires abandoning abstraction. The interest lies in the tension between his avowed liberalism and his insistence that economists assess policies against their proponents’ own purposes—a compact statement of what he thinks economic theory can, and cannot, tell political actors.
Je reiner und abstrakter die Theorie ist, desto besser dient sie dem Leben und Wirken.
English translation: “The purer and more abstract the theory is, the better it serves life and action.”
Scientific disagreement need not end in agreement to yield knowledge. In this opening address to a discussion of value theory, published in 1933, Ludwig von Mises connects that principle to a concrete economic question: can prices be explained without tracing them back to individual choices? Against Cassel and Spann, he argues that preferences are ranked rather than measured, and that the relevant quantity is the one at stake in a particular decision—not a unit imposed by the theorist. His defense of subjective value theory separates explaining market prices from judging their justice or investigating buyers’ motives. The address offers a compact encounter with Mises’s explanatory starting point and his demanding conception of debate: clarify the disagreement rather than negotiate a doctrine.
Wir werden am Ende unserer Wechselrede nicht abstimmen, wir werden unbekehrt auseinandergehen, wenn auch vielleicht nicht unbelehrt.
English translation: “We shall not vote at the end of our discussion; we shall part unconverted, though perhaps not uninstructed.”
Rejecting the idea that statutory language mechanically determines every judicial decision need not mean abandoning precise legal definitions. This tension frames Felix Kaufmann’s brief review of Albert A. Ehrenzweig jun.’s Irrtum und Rechtswidrigkeit. Kaufmann warns that legislators can use the limits of legal formulation as a reason to leave unlawfulness and culpability insufficiently defined. Against that background, he assesses Ehrenzweig’s challenge to familiar distinctions between justification and excuse, and between mistakes about unlawfulness and mistakes about an offense’s statutory elements. His endorsement remains qualified: conceptual boldness does not guarantee complete logical rigor. The review offers a compact encounter with Kaufmann’s standards of legal analysis and with the stakes of translating a theory of mistake into provisions for the Austrian draft criminal code of 1927.
Can a condemnation of Soviet law rest on legal technique alone? In this brief 1933 review, Felix Kaufmann questions the basis of B. Mirkine-Guetzévitch’s severe verdict without dismissing the research behind it. Constitutional texts and legislative acts matter, but so do Soviet jurists’ commentaries, given the extensive discretion available to those applying the law. Kaufmann finds that the study’s conclusions owe much to its author’s passionate democratic convictions, not merely to technical analysis. His distinction between the grounds of a judgment and the value of its evidence gives this short review its interest: political commitment need not invalidate documentary scholarship, even when it complicates the claim to a specifically legal critique. He also credits Rita Willfort’s German translation for its subject expertise and linguistic skill.
Can a banking law be clearly explained without inspiring confidence in its effectiveness? In this short 1933 review, Helene Lieser separates the two questions. Comparing editions of Czechoslovakia’s 1932 banking law prepared by Ant. Jeřábek and Oswald Doernfest, she treats the substantial revision of earlier legislation as grounds for skepticism, not reassurance. Yet she credits both editors with making a difficult statute intelligible: Jeřábek through cross-references and documentary materials, Doernfest through commentary incorporating parliamentary sources. The review offers a compact example of critical discrimination—approval of the tools for understanding regulation need not imply approval of the regulation itself.
What makes an international banking reference useful during a banking crisis? In this brief 1933 review of the 1932 survey Europäische Banken, Helene Lieser weighs the value of annually updated information against coverage limited to a few representative banks per country. Her praise centres on explanation rather than balance sheets alone: how the world crisis and currency depreciation damage credit institutions, and how rescue efforts differ across countries. From the Austrian Credit-Anstalt’s reorganisation to Swedish banks’ reckoning with the Kreuger crash, her examples identify what she finds instructive in the survey—a comparative account of banking distress and attempted repair, despite its restricted institutional coverage.
Financial translation requires more than formal equivalents: jargon and differences between British and American usage can determine a dictionary’s practical value. These are Helene Lieser’s particular concerns in her brief 1933 review of the English–German first volume of K. Th. Langguth’s Handwörterbuch des Finanzwesens. She grounds her strong recommendation in spot checks made during practical use, praising coverage useful to exporters as well as bankers. The review offers a compact statement of her criteria for a financial reference work: reliability tested in use, attention to regional terminology, and inclusion of expressions that more conventional dictionaries miss.